%PDF-1.5 % 90 0 obj <> endobj 101 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<6FE75ECD8D274C02A71937579F9194B3>]/Index[90 24]/Info 89 0 R/Length 70/Prev 238112/Root 91 0 R/Size 114/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream hbbd``b`N @H,@Ht$l $3012ic`$X / endstream endobj startxref 0 %%EOF 113 0 obj <>stream hb```"qfQAd`a`b +*(<lh<&lk&3ci0O``z,pY@ypy٥f %;Bd ,'P6jnIayf+Kb@MQ قI09S|rbG&3$TNE P7H(VllH r+/?ru endstream endobj 91 0 obj <> endobj 92 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 93 0 obj <>stream hޜTmo0+jH$i:JL7A#5~w]{y̙ pfda0p)av#q`a2[.̜pcptE4qpaDRt0E3: uFAhW4Wt*z/"kE+_Di: TNZ.w'ARܩS=lڀ0TK\Ҧp)]̗7֚HKБzs8W`P<{xwT.lF97i;YzW^)&ܸ7߷_KR-nlhtLaB[X]&Ōtj.bK&OO*)D8hoi[X:iI8=iL|lBȅEW]sZҫ{PCVxy,h>޷}x&`_Om|NߥW]@1LOӍȥKnMh2=B, x'$|u8p}giU_Ӳu\e9‚!>7&ᇾmP^Ws0RԳ#.L#8pߑ6AK\,c8T&adxG:q3(qԝ7f3msV}k~SC-I#GIIӥ 7{3A%o}!uי㼋9m >cy}.5Pt1"(x 7Ui!agNCfSj%|Pn u OPrd endstream endobj 94 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 13.92 0 0 13.92 306.5199 706.44 Tm ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw -14.077 -1.155 Td [(P)-1(ro)-1(g)-1(ram)-2( o)-1(n)-1( E)-1(d)-1(u)-1(cat)1(i)1(o)-1(n)-1( P)-1(o)-1(l)1(i)1(cy)-1( an)-1(d)-1( G)-2(o)-1(v)-1(ern)-1(an)-1(ce W)-3(o)-1(rk)-1(i)1(n)-1(g)-1( P)-1(ap)-1(ers S)-1(eri)1(es)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 28.154 0 Td ( )Tj -14.077 -2.31 Td ( )Tj 0 -2.31 TD ( )Tj 0 -2.328 TD ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw -10.597 -2.31 Td [(R)-2(ep)-1(resen)-1(ta)-1(ti)1(o)-1(n)-1( i)1(n)-1( th)-1(e C)-2(l)1(a)-1(ssro)-1(o)-1(m)-3(: )]TJ 0.003 Tc 14.638 0 Td [(T)-1(he E)-1(f)1(f)1(ect)1( of)1( )]TJ 0.005 Tc -0.005 Tw -13.899 -1.328 Td [(O)1(wn)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.068 0 Td (-)Tj 0.335 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.251 0 Td [(R)-2(a)-1(ce T)-1(ea)-1(ch)-1(er A)-2(ssi)1(g)-1(n)-1(m)-3(en)-1(t o)-1(n)-1( S)-1(tu)-1(d)-1(en)-1(t )]TJ -0.002 Tw 3.926 -1.328 Td [(A)-2(ch)-1(i)1(ev)-1(em)-3(en)-1(t)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 2.793 -1.328 Td ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.485 -1.328 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw -11.448 -1.138 Td [(A)-2(n)-1(n)-1(a J.)1( E)-1(g)-1(al)1(i)1(t)1(e)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 8.88 0 0 8.88 233.08 478.2 Tm (1)Tj 13.92 0 0 13.92 237.5888 471.72 Tm ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.251 0 Td [(,)1( B)-1(ri)1(an)-1( K)-2(i)1(si)1(d)-1(a)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 8.88 0 0 8.88 319.24 478.2 Tm (2)Tj 0.003 Tc -0.002 Tw 13.92 0 0 13.92 323.744 471.72 Tm [(,)2( a)1(nd M)-2(a)1(r)1(c)1(us)1( A)-1(.)2( W)-2(i)2(nt)2(e)1(r)1(s)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 8.88 0 0 8.88 461.32 478.2 Tm (3)Tj 13.92 0 0 13.92 465.8719 471.72 Tm ( )Tj 0.003 Tc -0.002 Tw -13.976 -1.879 Td [(PEPG)-1( 14)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw (-)Tj 0.003 Tc -0.003 Tw 4.051 0 Td (07)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 306.5199 421.08 Tm ( )Tj 0 -1.98 TD ( )Tj T* ( )Tj T* ( )Tj T* ( )Tj 0 -2 TD ( )Tj 0 -1.98 TD ( )Tj T* ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf -5.632 -1.14 Td (Harvard Kennedy School )Tj ( )Tj -0.736 -1.16 Td (79 JFK Street, Taubman 304 )Tj ( )Tj 1.306 -1.14 Td (Cambridge, MA 02138 )Tj ( )Tj -2.999 -1.16 Td (Tel: 617)Tj (-)Tj (495)Tj (-)Tj [(7976 Fax)1(: 617)]TJ (-)Tj (496)Tj (-)Tj (4428 )Tj 1.83 -1.14 Td [(w)-1(w)-1(w)-1(.hks.harvard.edu/pepg/)]TJ 12.087 0 Td ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf -5.856 -1.16 Td ( )Tj -19.5 -1.14 Td ( )Tj 12 0 Td ( )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf 10.8 0 0 10.8 72.52 125.64 Tm <0001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001>Tj 8.889 0 Td <00010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001>Tj 4.444 0 Td <0001>Tj ET 72.52 127.56 144 0.72 re f BT /TT0 1 Tf 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 113.16 Tm [(* W)-7(e)1( t)4(ha)1(nk t)4(he)1( F)-1(l)4(or)3(i)4(da)1( D)-4(e)1(pa)1(r)3(t)4(m)-4(e)1(nt)4( of)2( E)-2(duc)1(a)1(t)4(i)4(on f)2(or)3( pr)3(ovi)4(di)4(ng t)4(he)1( da)1(t)4(a)1( us)2(e)1(d i)4(n t)4(hi)4(s)2( pa)1(pe)1(r)3(.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 36.633 0 Td ( )Tj 6.48 0 0 6.48 72.52 104.52 Tm (1)Tj 9.84 0 0 9.84 75.7699 99.96 Tm ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw 0.254 0 Td [(P)-1(E)-2(P)-1(G)-4(,)4( H)-4(a)1(r)3(va)1(r)3(d K)-4(e)1(nne)1(dy S)-1(c)1(hool)4(,)4( )]TJ 0 0 1 scn -0.008 Tw 14.084 0 Td [(A)-4(nna)1(_E)-2(ga)1(l)4(i)4(t)4(e)1(@)-7(hks)1(.)4(ha)1(r)2(va)1(r)2(d.)4(e)1(du)]TJ 0 0 0 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw 13.014 0 Td ( )Tj 0.254 0 Td ( )Tj ET 0 0 1 scn 216.76 98.28 128.16 0.24 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 6.48 0 0 6.48 72.52 91.32 Tm (2)Tj 9.84 0 0 9.84 75.7699 86.76 Tm ( )Tj 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw 0.254 0 Td [(U)-5(n)-1(i)3(v)-1(er)1(si)3(t)3(y)-1( o)-1(f)1( A)-5(r)1(k)-1(an)-1(sas,)3( )]TJ 0 0 1 scn 0.004 Tc -0.004 Tw 9.935 0 Td [(b)-4(k)-4(is)-2(id)-4(a)-3(@)-11(e)-3(m)-8(a)-3(il.u)-4(a)-3(r)-1(k)-4(.e)-3(d)-4(u)]TJ 0 0 0 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw 9.91 0 Td ( )Tj 0.254 0 Td ( )Tj ET 0 0 1 scn 175.96 85.08 97.44 0.24 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 6.48 0 0 6.48 72.52 78.36 Tm (3)Tj 9.84 0 0 9.84 75.7699 73.8 Tm ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw 0.254 0 Td [(U)-4(ni)4(ve)1(r)2(s)1(i)4(t)4(y of)2( C)-3(ol)3(or)2(a)1(do a)1(t)4( C)-3(ol)4(or)2(a)1(do S)-1(pr)2(i)4(ngs)1(,)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 18.065 0 Td ( )Tj 0 0 1 scn 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 0.254 0 Td [(m)-4(w)-3(i)4(nt)4(e)1(r)3(s)2(@)-6(uc)1(cs)2(.)4(e)1(du)]TJ 0 0 0 scn /C2_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 8.245 0 Td <0001>Tj 0.23 0 Td <0001>Tj ET 0 0 1 scn 258.52 72.12 81.121 0.24 re f endstream endobj 95 0 obj <>stream H\j0 ~ Cqv !PZ 9d6sOCǧϖį6:V6Fy%B6,/@iVc<jYV?HasQ-o^צ׵o&~p@ ="ܫxjE<C("iNHʌNQ14~LꜪ)ܲtɪ죲_(O9)9tB ǘr&[-Ci;\a Y endstream endobj 96 0 obj <>stream HWkp>%˖q/RMm4XB̮qʲH1qx mLҴ44%$MIig2Ltڙ:3i'Hmܻ+!{_]|ysϹoݑ'r|vC P0{݃G* PJ -M"aW6k~rh7Kh<[Kb#æo %E.#Bք"OLk-<0QxQx އ~8ҷy8? o=?^SCP(]LL'm-c"eo2OGSG3-^E?dpf)cNϨA'z胇@ + C-ۈADU|Qg+l(o3=؅ {]ً=2<Υ`Wص18O=t8Oa_|x:o7q=< xsp|-NI\3Lw \bW-8/K2efT$[A^a^ၼUk?ΝM7g:y;:2hiD1Q#8C9#WNl*GLN~;{fUeQ6\OlC4_9i1z!OΗs9 )8gveiIw+ɟ1 WE'2D5}s~~Y- P5+6w* (Ix!}x.u>`Ch[߫*z:>f;oo[[ 57}qeÊ˖.[瓪+J)'h-Di `]j{R|*Q*p>>"¹ͰYʺ܊/҈ CіFY5QL &M@ۘJb6OR9Yԑ˃D.'cۦfXD$/iAff[)Z-s1 X+e ke$Jp *lnּݤW6WI4dY q xmx96CݞU˺tt,81;'m -/][O7#Gnch ᨖl`1HNF/ϵKÆ*%XgOK;S!`w2(gDA k-jj>q Yd@fEB(Z8q<-YNxZ48O\s&U&xF֞jRT[@T$M)AR'IPia|3 x;. B3IS RXH9( ՇK^oߏvأ!c,X0_=DvZ h}rD8GQ5lPeʗBi16PE|oVpاsn`q0(3T5mx7.u,uz &G%k*MKNZdB%~s4fŒy4:jg=2Y4t-V5ϗu:D͖WygW,屸fyJ*ҒHsX9FX8(2Kv7ٝlnMdIv٤\$҄$@L  K -PJ\jE[(.ZTԖ-UT[li<3;C?8ϳs~sf{.',)+J-eQj)5)AM j9FԪjm>nZ6Q(H*ԚK#&j FH#O+$n~6/*8#).Kv(;eP$SkPV0C-%LxV.bQ7Cԇ 1i,%Ϟ2:abqLNry7l? J/)f̸5>wnq3MxS S5{^:+Cyfr8r3³51cgY6̱۬ZǕϒkXj7y}j :-]E+}w`ͬuY=gCl`+?BO3 `9 X K"`!0, s^4 f3.f@p70 4 L@P@* L* (J Br/xl @ҁ4 H'L`l `x4Lc(Op|||p x 3'%~ p93yM :W3+// |8F0p8|8|xx|x vO_<| _[/_M/6H{i!!=BCH{i!!=BCH{iBC!!?BCϿ= y4MRt" T :]/tҖYHFiڲ{{G@^ނ{'}>_>߻r?Bz#G?Bz#G?Bz#nGݎлw;Bvz#nG_kVS5* 6ڠ'VݤKe'Ntu*kX9bN\JFVpr,U` YLZI iV`&HBԓ:e5ԐjRE*<2HRARFJI )&Ed6 Y=$3{N=|ǹi#7L!rg/@Ɠq<,r&O9%cxd4"#FFSp= 噧!d}>d,I$Cet2J@*qqILRs6b`2$ΙI"9s dJ/TzH &Y bG?YA~'qWVOGVrw玲|CWK~A>'Շsw䳾մǑ7E$Oc\(Gs8 y#\y{=nGrRKb.r'N6kq+OdHn ד:v-O\͹ȕ r97\Rr s ; 6rWտɿVr.9G9-6M 6 )Ar◱VD֓l}-YCV0 vUdr66+ed)YBs_+i5s"ĕ,$ H=C>t5Uyݹ S*H9CʔJ# %.VMH9F\ }jArtB8(G7WR`\2UﻘjWIdǿ5&^e&({%`"g*HpWUQd4'$vN%02TK!\z]*O]{ ᭮=B%Pk_\ 郡-Z9ϸd܄lD6 =H7҅DNd=ҁC"kH !*d%҆@#ːd1Ҋ " iDCjH RT!>stream H` endstream endobj 98 0 obj <>stream HVytW=QTFI-T!vĒ66UNbcD1fꌪvmSjase1>>>=oA[S;)7=Wl4U;T9ZF^fn+pDe>`W!toO֔vpS['j+R -[7^srfLJݭh's֝|_Sƕ|͘UP7~ו)u<4I`G(OC8z|^7Kl8D=ԇP ZxmЖU/w?@ t@G" D" nl=b /b:!H@"# 0yF!1c?JAekT{dv3|W=8"Q|C,*$KTHaGz1xK gVG%Bpg z>/Z "h+*X+3NqG[G#1ձޱqpsNt.p^pzd?_be*Ekg/z̡FRcg#kR4]'zVctnuS=Qw,oIZ:N9[V}%2bBP't.4GY\ Uj}U1Z3ds>jt͸H֒5N@+@zn2 i2y!bS^!S Ր*S;i'WmU -#9"do0_D;~< Xi dҙxX5cWblck 6s}ߣ2DX`d`BLE4 [жE?pO}J,1G\̬ X_[ d4o1e2h#J*>l&ʿÛ9?6l۬0Z"3䊍$VXZxJ>aVwfF bMӳGn]tڱCHpP`vmۼڧU͛5mҸQ^9 ,* J+IIcw:'c"ũėu\i5j5c_hJSWos%]eݮr7|,+ݩ55jWBxWgg%s qSð߫֠6+|﮴!`ҊEXKIaayH*I-1&;2[Qؓ8mҤdXu;cW&Nu2蔩sC̟N={{w[l's܂U2ǚr+MbgLNvĆG}}XnOye1"fd$%uPY.#Ӡ!]ʞUXI{L)_W//Hzjq)A~/Nh*)G.I:7ïߜ)8aЦʵħr>0t*E!Rٰx+h^kˮ45VU ~`78` ҪE_Ck]ކ1/ 9kDTxU9m>pƧmjL4j]1%U7OB> Xs9=TǗkpiBN^e\*/ ţT/#Y()k do/TWWAu3|n|NJ(IGF4bA]R~vڮPs/OIBq4߄z;C=++C .{@@g(YsL(&9oKp"`,!-uZ[eA৘@3oˠʪ\z6`}C Ǚ N3& t g22:d‘0NQo᥋_$B}(GmﺊffV~SzN^MDzy3s_QZOi^ֈ5t\oSRTg̈ $zf}o_d7>y4Ep12B40UeBtK/((8uCCkP .+U4n -}zTԮV=4EA5=kCSСVKvB p'+Mj>!9N:N3W6G-6ܮZ &VpE!p|B nu5 ƒR \ņ* {{; >ڱ6°!\0*:Ӭ\ݑ<}3`/gaU=u×uվ>]ݻ>v}?݅ݻ {TkD% ( "کJ+U1 v|4vmN:6L8MhMJjs~{=~_ŋ-i}}Kz%y1ѭC-;}i_>/ʷ<ؒSk^)Y_5i[3j"qͨjѡ;;, e}Ēj< -N Uj5 ѯYs^滹HJ`[!S܅d"$B Άm{o~X\>P/u @~R1 0cЄ6tyKs Dq Zp{F!=(DG`] [Na>Zt.}؇\ڄѓIf)k(onN ; Z ߲;[M!=Pa#Nf N\NU|MRDsZV zznraqG GG;CCnFxJ>Y,0)TNXM ؆#djgsnil΋vHIϼ{plo_?eb, ׀u%~T)gTl}9_=(s{w/evrwEt|џFD؈RD UHA-+.Fת5@P\ѦSӦuNbiҡI F-3ޝ|sGpxvk⿎?3$ @{b{~7)8^=iǙ8roU`O 3 6Xǵ$V8ֲ`z̎TgPY4Z8!O (pfFK1WT > SRT(iWu^z;ZH329SKI)L+:}PSVur֣8Xq{l;\jϴ+'9Q}_1o%!t@06U-X3~bSحP]#]ZB$S K-1CV&pf2vU.LQ4XN2M:'̃ sf3wc$I-aS͆z{Yy5la-Atg8̜XƗ|tU;CxRTy}_4nr1=sOd`8`!XmvGej_b6ӓ~Bd5(ʆ`>ɁWbR1 } 0l Z%TSkXyCp FT#Zutk[^y``%_?ف}_\7AX6vbɾ5.*>Gس&5=pSi!وPFNʿ}fXƒ Le9LߡdYce.-7>S Ln3?|BXcj&*. #bNݪX6A cSt_+̿,t]6.N#&p 81+伭plPsWb^vO0t:ݙ׹l'o KqQӧь̰(Kd̞/1'K_w\o b+) -)Mr`K\b]3 -PJAۺ3 }y6'gR>q\H-q"q8"}Z/tՒb[є^fMMtvL-K{]sCni NU߹pM5m0c^W(QzՑ:KK]5]n)mܿm^zM+6nO~ٚ='+i@=p="!0=n޽Wϵ Ryh20J0e+l!H^ɆdREL|<<2e<`JVS(LÉ0K5dx8̅Ac[F.<36h& '8Js_^|@pE[ x|;'O"IJ Ҳ2)J@S hjmwv{_=u=Sjo6녿\}Ѕ{mOssw${ߺf:pz>䑋,g)PWTNGhF[hKxOV2ɺ*΍Ǹ a攥4G98]?5 {%ܕVKA%[Y+a M ɄNkĴ)4eB2!)-} M3(r0HN5*['(rcq*G^p7#aVusb@T <NBz)HAP*=+ٳY΂ޱËDĩrlb71?[rqMnKnbǟ6=7 G.vK2xa`уQ9("0GgE!8B(g1c 1 ;twk[O/QK*g ~0YNksxpi6#/AubP%~NDɄԕja8ŢX 0#hQ u^1ta2(L͉E'vU-W ~|RuAOH[qP)\hs N9%Еb[%KENs 6~ G@WK{ J5ìThCQ T[ۻ}~KU Nn/  n~ Bk^F-7Y喖Ye*'C5!mn]^ͱxJ\jĭtNćX'}x[\OM#S;]~mMu"C<[44-s".,8QQ@A&5+`*DqϾiF.P?FuIVEt[Ў%:ҢVZVbBZ&M!Xv$@ B=ǽ)z>|&o;{^fm _ÃR_lsr014Ҥѻ粧VΞZױLٱ.I6Xh䉭Oղ=쿳:F>ֵ,rَ{:2   9rȅ!w >\d`0n(_% <>M;F~>p$e)$4Y2n[vHvR'B2'A #jRo TV2}"c@BF"QdsV~)^yu j(e 9?.\b_`)RA%*A%$$A$I*y0yRX1& jgVi30UCQa=uc; - &/WUSi([ m 1 Pt4[|ϻ26}yI9z=}Um\{#^i{2쨔`2t;|LT2͢_2YsuM grq##eQR_Bg% 52{VɼNQBd ̙`~2=ڿ糑/mӮc+[{;?\}Ӽ<-xg+Ni J*U~XY޻w;XSM 5hDxgnO`"ZA .A%QjI6&(\rp5PհmウLw8Lr!tДz5J$ E"mjڍJǘ,bkjhK)0UJm%eF׍LCB(P{e%pm91+;A]].L,ϳ@yAKR|?6pdtL-7$D1z#Zb"@DI G ENc.ji u0eK6&icpj}>)zF[fge&6 ^M( rȨ Rn)O ])^&l6`}'_L W>M4SZznJo(A Df>U&UK=3[VfΉw'Pa"ZX m Gt?1I}$1xh2_ <&Ҽ /rQ%EʅŜB0#3D$RLċeV AlGFZt |\+:4~ZI>P A4T[ҸG5r+! ADVa Nj npa3 _Xc6N*[adY٫"Zw#C|xZ%mZg^NSuE0 .H5x~YuˍCL&M3[Kδ1Fmw}5C!M,'DGq('v>0K9:,1̈@\wl+T7$֑Yw@ ;H7tB3AJ33^ 35n*]Ί ϰy+lv ::k$XU{lJMۘۡV[Uߍp  GZ 5n\{1ӵ{߆9fxC.VTXgrUbw)e),}' ɰb_ȶCTʻi|)4?s2024[[u-=@瑇,W;\`6]9d-œL{]9.Ί~V|4PHeD!S}*A 4gr[@\T2jZ2#8&|߮C'9fg6 \fvkhn0*js %5(t(0 2'xH[*hVPZĸ^"Fh4\]!h$ ()(Cn7*w-3W]U\d0dl5;˃󜬸2}DM +2Re[ƫEmQ*G]Ɋ⫣{x|Fc#29n1T(~^|zS85H a>I&1Ed+"tkjsXK *5 M5",@iAۙ7̔I2E0  z} &V f%i/s ]6Pl}CrGZf#xO1aJ wJc_+,qV-OT* fx661N%7.snCiCiVӹ.l uxBxY*mP;4訴7o?tnU q!D֦W @-ՁKhU ïpkp 5u>7~&M."F;%Q*f/PR$ +h3=e"Rڬ$&dr& jBKf0@k<8e_뎿;;gDZ}>ljl}9bcBB/TT$n| 5U]`L*T,&Z2 PuT뺩CZZ&JSժ'8{Mtl?{fRDriL_bnϠ2g$PA_P?o'M8˿ Va $. <=6.%L8as!?>Ұ<3; t.P$S/M|s>r$Lq2Wgm,bs)/*Tfr_p(S( 0̣)k^W˺6˸B_-_m^;h-  ?ƞ?Y(c- lN1>41&Y aO7gر.ٱ}If˕ܰWZXְw¡j4jw |)l!o`,E8L6Q{W{jj>='qzk[[A7,KFjj?pG(2E33KltW_̧Ma$ uH9n_T B-*DK}- tdhikuL_o ~˔i.daTI`2!Z_TFH[kX-=2eת65(3A#8Ky#em` $R@B2O|2JJ'ǣG͞0(L<{(z:{YFapr6Q6sl&l&(g"J -kL8qʭQ4gДEӬhWS֨;]'|1蟵(g-.R"%.AeD:4'0)Poi,ԟ7DMʛgbsjF&2i(PPd_Y0,Z׾Sg#N )&(Mk=ʑ=k6 PEhNl1Զ?cO<⥹v+aA#npc%Z`sW s AF 괺PNˈc9PfiǨsԵ=YƲ:s|8΅ĺ%"Fd2qɒ dČ/v.nut>ȭLHXJy WwgsBp$!);"]Lgx͌/?m}[y+ix0hYj8CBxPDb>75\ZCˢͩN;y팬6)0X@R@ҞI纇L)Qȉ0Ч a3h-%X3p/a"s[;4VimFLt6ffg$Ъ 0M&-3WUm,J)zfm}! mZ GJ&xBtżfҨ9h%A?~ԵuGͩ@ #68%.f3nӖc9V磹S&RoceOV30oQ⊒Tv s |>m'?r[@M$nq`NgK؋Í[6Dѣ_{֒߼p`޾um[#|@JS'ɟ}Ї}؀77tƬCXlY2f)~IsۢᵃfWwVȂ&jmv&Mǚ$M@"'GExi3AY&xa:9bVo)ቄ`y;G6X3=E Ñ'ݷ>2%N7LVze@K$mZ^u+H$qfc88~^}}>gαιDZ 6+% k$bhZ*l:F&]56uM)4 0il[1M&FJƪQH@&<Ͻ?߯=kd U]K ^_L_o:'k]uoPqHSWvV_0׺vN<}e]\J]p.r<',1ۇ.ah$6٫W/0*&R8V۟W|܌<(Qx/I< c)j>8%?F ţ*5%< ~uJ)\ =l HEė'¤NhHB:fJNPGy,*AQŀHw(L.#˗/C;^#E 3\2+"M) MC7n(T51 YNS$H~∞xT 3$6'FDb tRQV_z=PЍ!,5t&甿S*l-6v =|GN`Jp#(.\hMܠCgMD܅Ղ>$(.O&db:FFL}0+eݻ 2|w?\uܵ{Dw:kl c@]{,xV\3#s f2L b:d`С\Zbnɨ hٻw5{-"S,ePEBV̒ reVPTuV}yVp04( :z7"/-Mvӻ{}}y,G}.z55H1؛c巬o92i]y|9w0w{w#3R9uy[v{%bfF@.곉^~f# h,mVF3\v9v;1aYWV*{XGT=l&ðl0}W6`!&edKYC6J]v2uwZ q&ûe)ɲ #!g0cǮP4d <Ӳ`p.d]DZ^Su*+G++W6WFLb>aH\$yP tw6h}v#HR S6ywGX0>:|x9?41'#׆[ȢAqK \ÿHh8ٖɘi#'9ڗw?kkP|2yVuK).N 8UNx lT߾{1{?&^؟4t]wY?s"#!04}Jeհ'<!5B(QL-B(AK!ua#8?EXРbؼ5РxZ$>,YF쒀ɴӆj/%5PPS@P츢e54^K4EH4Sxl  ) /JyF٢EkSo' `QJNh;K;$yt 2 A>\B X98ifVuKq"SyZǻS

{_>_ıv6ľı 5[ mIXUWSQV!ںjh$*hɘQMBRUiI?eeR:8{sZ.s#9Rf/] YL"'WBVU Qvb%4ꁗ\ZQIh5cc _! }_\/`_ucY* ~~az#&Q0U+šj,?61gϽ 9>🭴ɛZɐOᰴ+ftʰDZ~=ɳ6oL0(󲵾/:a<h5ٶtLx.7p DyYv.V mEygn+gh"<ͣ(l^*샯[vN$UΨPe=*X[./SU[Mږna4{"?eg+Z̪/W݌b(Wϙ߬zr̊!n߬mN f^Pbosz ۺz7=99%θg<]!+,qWuڻl`.ZRcIt퍽4`\b4Ǽ(R ߟ kD=>29U߇OWleOWI{mbXOv(_'I]]CjA:z 1Y[uNү>H k .#v)guv BE`d𨀅2)cʲ!4]Kƺh5ٵzwL^,/O3|Vr5LHabUi{kac${=]n -AҐADr#gEPKÅ.#>^PN\ 'N)DY[Yq+R%;jխSDHLKXa8"4=Bٝ V+Z+jSRL ]@,% jc|g8}PBYw}Nw?j)n:rtβ"tR4qmOs׎uoOD7վƩꍓB]'?cqk Tõ": Q/G9Z2e. !MWr.hKt~/IjDS "L Q.z>e]8uzXE rk]5B gґ m߭ԝ.qIRJ9  ^\稞SUb6}ucE-&;|/vp_ǡ$m%%,KSPjc(YU:m Iʯ1"e?Q4D61m+jPUbPT[w;?{>}ʏ"u5x+Aհ䊉M40a;'$ZPLy|N7GL΄%9MdAn*PGї V\eE21݊Uypp/n yֱQDET1k̡8+p7 '|l{x4<>Obاm uobQL'7 8 HGT[yhrTL3CY2g9s7|wQK9Nwd,-v5 tW< G搓^mջjc?u#,޸}k3xGv6wSpB%P{l["A 3PI1!Cט`inʒPp AF}HF -=RRSAijA+^L!_8!cܗU 7Ӯz^ƭ1 *X0 - 3GFMNL3S"nViƲ\\f:ʠl piW:ݚܚϼ,xU(fgJbgeƐ56Xo`#zSY )e-0ahw >56q=gdL (&ݵRγFBz&׻-4ت%pSSw'4`VԎk|B8VCc=YJ˳mbgs玊>BXAH e* GĮVA& H!"ׅwOE`j`"U- Yd9[3sr9!6V)QùHjv,ruJ j Vv5*F'Û "qJG[)w,|:g56>ٍ9?$|Nҳܹ뱹&6Q,08<⚒N;']rsۮ4K`;K-ڍâM"QC Yu8#4B op D5@:5K(o\h֧>nE H"nH"D$Q:*4Fq7jl}2dE6d~^2Rw.&_(RAQPF k?M7<`=tCÝD9064"4w2Y/u,T#ND+hbUi*-'kٲ3R"وz`R>44hZQ`*u r ^[yrw:滷>;ssٲ /lnpor ]9Xn<ԋ5dq"SiWiNڦĎZXE, XmZjʨLJ=9\RM*^7'TQBrI)u̔rŔJ4NS.9oK j b ԀHYføjuh_cZM-:=gfhnt|d?<"g;qqLHηi"N 7[\LOťחSq2Kv"T46~Q".>?6S'p5t6q{}9\l_r'9v僌:B34'l⏑j'5Q'Z1U%4Vmfjl*uR hF&ԿȄ: {N}=~ #$[x" ssi: |6*=t4^qβs9kuP5PNntByš68[xT<Ѹ6Ţ}DꪃRMHku[Fw}`SaDHѽG%#^<>5ݗ!=TC~ٱˆϷ1ٿA><ǜ`2^o.eXFJs玘;9?U?+˖W$.}eO.6_/MUX*JG`O}pB&ٌ\har:썼l KQV~VEq4=Ghsf ,',r} a s q@ d  HBG|U`xȅ4JFla)M_5 -Cɏ]9fMa!ES˩)6%Hb4lG*8G"MG ld*QNJl& '΄[+Hyex`$FJQZwn)Rў.9'._߁b_}u~;6~UM{)O=)Ț,aX5*i:SYzl1{d_AZ@-Zܦ@P u < U/P""Yp>ܑ?M)1< E$?e}.6{Xn86vĎE%" $fB0#$aXS&%:!cDg$rlu 2z 2Q3i4u|yH"ȊyTbC*eן >~,6u PtĠ* :^PvJOU &Pួk}+sR,ga]FgXNI{f_zD[>VsXxt^Y]_ 8uٚ_^|Zl3ofD1:b; 2wfF_>9GS ~Dq@q7iY+n !/*x-BF9}:<щ caL׈lMGe YZ+IohᢢLpa{Ss Cp_6s5|( g!dYDd^Z} |@ 8w+>vnwQE)y^26G;Yo6 ](½@ :bl LD=F;jpV9~)D6Đpͦ;(&wVトħ̍g8Pm7fS!9(#Qۛcv6j B#-HHJaV_[5xmTpu;v#PDC͉ f+")dN,+Hkktݪ5N%g"`vx5u|ɎzwFGZlPPJ8:ܑ#rQ򭋝K)3gvɲeP$:ߘR q 4 Ͽ>1Ÿ%sV` Sg]7neȂ(c8 I?"O>F9@ ӶXobݥdc>嫱>bYlqWX\~f =p uQнa !, \@` 5TVFam a2i餍](. 㿥2:`u8bJ&iX%E0C_- q9I<7h\nEv-+dmxl0}#̝렚ueT |K&Ym6 \ySXx[ B|B9[>/:CuuGU>qRO¬)~Or4҅)2% rL[e~wѩu~Q$7L#Rԧ9j]ǜuyQYBR$Տ]mOOѧ9Fg)g`oPR6PP49er b i4D>&KWz~9! P%9 QJ2>Ls.y@w0ot%yI堘8Aە #C-?&+iZ.I0HІKӜ%[\ȖmTA^};\ tyX73aN5!,)Ǒs>+h~ p68lGy;k@}6776VMm@'ö @Cg #;yƇ3="a:KDqry>$b_v8קęҼ%;|^ _5f Bf3.fP 0>z߀88?@B1HN`AL֐#%k` Af!DC Pρ Hs~h44;ѮxON.h5m].AG¡@[G3HKHKPĖ6% uM/I`K KŧJ6S;٤gBsR `xX!KS}aEE\/eQDcYZi .Rd:za ʖ[㌉l~kӋ1kíƿ5_*+gZ԰+<8|eŕ'p;D\gf\8LY'u+]9x-l%bX7mqwNJtqdM᧥"T\-KETE&GLE4p;o*dTvWǰ6u+=[ڨd@8L I9x#yLeBr 3%!B\+!*^`H+pA/"lo ̇я"?F][#ç bNYu;kdV\MzPd*ގv]`XkE{FAepD?Ӎ,ev,=WC_3彻L]-pp) 1[g~0x!/MmiΥBHHPG-b lžV:`S@־m @G#qq#G#m|y!~lW/; =% @4|8.n}}09hj']?ӿU<ܩGN~yxO}:[}tP0&fP%oTͻ-ss%RcI3ן5}䮆!j!bdoBKMpN0ERB@'$,[.iɹz./ Xsf^w?A̻1>ٻ7A81"ܕ|>݌/==1!{;bJ>ȡgoT7:k.("ID䛫60+)ejKm8E7,ipr* |x&c#Y 90<+:㜠ęW6`%LCp,a ʂ<$2(&c9N[N X볣-ۉQk{v\'kvJ< HLY'yNIeOξ"$u6ȫO^^ +K'YK<μ|9rhӹ+y8vd*I2IDz\r:9_,FcT GA<~ aG _f">#IQ-:p(5z[SiaG2BVgk6!>KDk k8 !):{^sP* @wK3,~xMEO w ֖C?~,(0 +.5X$#9o95$ Y7MUF4cO% ܈DFDITSƜe V[sV*^4fOǥw\s.8X) J?`KAP|yO&Tn`e1{ 7!OSӶ~ 8ȼx&iڦblDJ.*^` ~T Y?4&emUshկfٛ3,:[-\j8,40;hKcj\sHkzu{S@;زZђUÍv}[Cõ TSB8eMOK(^ 63IGyË ?ny|]q`Y:@ȡB3zTA*H5Uijj =L0"}+7VNFG>!y jhb3~%r%V 0оD`""1ш ]|1nAF@o:z=.Xτͷ)EȳT1 !ǛWQSE*Ewէ~}bӾUjv@J`:h}RDmO4TIDSTVTu sV%x\vR^@_suO;~S<{pe0DȮ3+sЃ=TErKC=d{sU4@C8enʆd7gH;bŐg _֓2|ѮrۅGub'Y[BLڝRibcP!+H, e6A#n? S>ďpB(N=IpAE 1!b1V]`~8xQ{W.k><':h?nLmqWL( B B?DGHD#j nFэWU y{euPGau;PuH%ʖhX$R'm @ KMU7p_M WN9,&Nho>?hم _{$szfk%D&6dlsOO FmjG/IfCJA t+#Y9d~'ULhrηMϳ\O!:|{YM>+|?}Agƽ3'TTzHqI>!JZujRӪmǵq}q;xl%Eeɝg7 Â$SM&x$i1 \_G88Y22)`2}1熪8\ T)nR] 㼨'paեƚvGkF)ӵ&븺ʩޒFQ@P4oGcP^ȥA/YCpy S.#a1QHWH*dE5B):YGF,'yè0NY뗢~y9کu|,D!bx.9ݙfwngoN\IܸUH*@*ZG$V,֎T(TQUA8UJFK /D4RBE & (?v99gsߧl{pb>\^hJWR&1C-=dۮ+zxl `*ABxO,EPO0Ze7?i#:"5v@F{wۮJN@Ȱ)aA 8N-W*$ʲ$r?a)\a* ƅBH l8@*ͣoR*Š7}e+#V|S@2W;.7d;6ޫ\Ua c:0Qi@x܃)-@N.+9r+R2VAr?\jAbȍhD͢IT?QM΄]^]3m H!`'P=%kt}ﶗ> eẠ##ǐ2aL0Qb!: mbL {#!ESIH.u=] OticHH/4gFJ^JP+oDwQ1Vհ˩]VO j \͘aw5c\㤆Rp+xbq*Bh\BP?ʡĬ0M7nn[uw4NUGcjthEv°6Gئv>y:>r>;O 23pVהDǼ\ ə;ᑽHd])TOa!qh P=6um%-tkM?b&7M.A~д5zSMf\ Mx~RW/OC2*˪x]'ҪLӕj6xFTظXU96j7&ߏ 0C DZU<2(WPb(#j7}GyEPS4ƅQuTGyHhlti|oZkbL{l R3h%k:1i )M!x)Iv`];Т<NEEG;' U*Xˬ'd&&ڽ~%2 >1юXj"M'w[{j' x&@Kp7I`L ׁd D…d7]ɐ0'=yObi nHT^I{`3Lce<)d< )|v>s @dDqφ~21]jȨj ĖCr,خ4\ټwrxU_juv`_~@LTÛ~6-I]rrsRI%D5ACJ4?Cڶ=`Zh:3: yp 1)BLBH34CY +fZvw6(k)֢)!R ը$C% >գ06ûTᰨʸB9< 6ay%P_<^FdY+JլaJ6sۓgsI|< 4wZ~zIЖե2}0dnZ>7Qx;l51pCH nVK 4B![ew߾X`Y`]((" ʟFH_d&&iLcZgbL$Z4j#c43N'S$J2ii]Igs{ι{$ Ҩ5aBЍJZijcA5'ʏ iᒬEe.T;yhZ!r_Vqȋ~S\ y~@5sHBntWQjmdಃQյ̰7MO77H<-a[XGvS2 I[̐j C2b>lmtn (?c-4Y [9krow?3sXNM\ӌ9 hRw[m- ms[/I yUKFWռh}b_^,,W;6)__j6+E '(#DwGkIJp929Qo J!b208#Ɏ79\Ewf9Ҩ%ܛ_s;LFِV;궮gȲ.һ05MAMsvDוddjQRH Z#ZTG%Zu[LcǘEQf LU *Q㹅[HN:̮I {<;'0{]Ēh.I>恽;ۈ7;ij,KG-ǽ&<: gǡQQO+٫l+Vk]g")G ǺPhPPLc?B~87XSMG{uQ#{mt 4=J1WVdata4tP  go@9( `O< m:k_qnl܆plQ*|Ć%! ILebҺmLCUhL֮$[Zr}M@1oBZk1Z6Vs ?vyy{MxX-iY`ưȎ(ڐn>mYNϽgܪ<& &p+E .{Nb4iFm] xM4c4Dt3*Ndr>)ȳN9&9َ{s鶛u妲Q~K12ʜ94.Oert!~Z0(s s/?p7rL7qkG:x=0QP*#p ov |hhhPݔ>`?d[jb](y3x_3clvjӅv:N =APcccN˅rmEۤ6l\ iCE[LbmE[l\1X[^1h N =ue+6}g=Nid@ l*I+B`GzZEX\ƅvt?/ճU7k?T/??#7"^s#xF!9 >xf0 *`GwH>$t^l؀Oc:7T >#8&hP P;nFPpp qu(Udv^™M^)~Pԏ;D@RۈgW97l[bjS*=GQ $3'!+c|UZz;HDz0=0s0ZYv~B'޳Zozo5'˰w`.`a駸] ퟓFҢ<wj~jEQm+ T}DDY"g`~`E^B|-Y_GVkA *~_S휴"W>K *HZc&.h"FA7 #b̭N!r!tK/zsëh[tYFBC+7zb#'"JdZ^dclEE QyжةU> 2 .6/ݡ EQ̨c;po2ZCBYTܬ|qТqL;;ݎhr6:gt*NSrgS&EQlm+q^D)9%{٘"fO8Uqon LgϢeJ߫Pr ]ƾ%Bi77Y2Ijou1Zlx%5Z}w 4Zk1L g_d(?ߒM{3d2qI*p\J'>T ?z UYiY 4LEX>ѱV@47IH*22p֬zࡎxҜtPܞΰe^-䅵֋䋉b<] 4pܽo$cꦞ4DQ}{MK>뫺Xx-x#(傓lp>Txp梡XMtG2!jaϛ)~p_&$yv)v)@aN~ #!poe;䎤 OnᑪMZ=ZoJ. +)`rT$/VWmvL)OИ4aP>S0 w0}|:U$ ww+r 0ҏ endstream endobj 99 0 obj <>stream HyTSwoɞc [5laQIBHADED2mtFOE.c}08׎8GNg9w߽'0 ֠Jb  2y.-;!KZ ^i"L0- @8(r;q7Ly&Qq4j|9 V)gB0iW8#8wթ8_٥ʨQQj@&A)/g>'Kt;\ ӥ$պFZUn(4T%)뫔0C&Zi8bxEB;Pӓ̹A om?W= x-[0}y)7ta>jT7@tܛ`q2ʀ&6ZLĄ?_yxg)˔zçLU*uSkSeO4?׸c. R ߁-25 S>ӣVd`rn~Y&+`;A4 A9=-tl`;~p Gp| [`L`< "A YA+Cb(R,*T2B- ꇆnQt}MA0alSx k&^>0|>_',G!"F$H:R!zFQd?r 9\A&G rQ hE]a4zBgE#H *B=0HIpp0MxJ$D1D, VĭKĻYdE"EI2EBGt4MzNr!YK ?%_&#(0J:EAiQ(()ӔWT6U@P+!~mD eԴ!hӦh/']B/ҏӿ?a0nhF!X8܌kc&5S6lIa2cKMA!E#ƒdV(kel }}Cq9 N')].uJr  wG xR^[oƜchg`>b$*~ :Eb~,m,-ݖ,Y¬*6X[ݱF=3뭷Y~dó ti zf6~`{v.Ng#{}}jc1X6fm;'_9 r:8q:˜O:ϸ8uJqnv=MmR 4 n3ܣkGݯz=[==<=GTB(/S,]6*-W:#7*e^YDY}UjAyT`#D="b{ų+ʯ:!kJ4Gmt}uC%K7YVfFY .=b?SƕƩȺy چ k5%4m7lqlioZlG+Zz͹mzy]?uuw|"űNwW&e֥ﺱ*|j5kyݭǯg^ykEklD_p߶7Dmo꿻1ml{Mś nLl<9O[$h՛BdҞ@iءG&vVǥ8nRĩ7u\ЭD-u`ֲK³8%yhYѹJº;.! zpg_XQKFAǿ=ȼ:ɹ8ʷ6˶5̵5͵6ζ7ϸ9к<Ѿ?DINU\dlvۀ܊ݖޢ)߯6DScs 2F[p(@Xr4Pm8Ww)Km endstream endobj 100 0 obj <>stream HtV tMWϹ7" qBVGUbm*G(3 58 %pWw7=T'bc65Fm)$֍4+ŲVvrKj乂jڒ:jC\{kk̘ov#'{W͵7\pֻ6[=6f?k.̹r6 ̥[9e# R%<>#jxEӽ #lɐƶJ kF^ܔ;6AuRqj -JUD$Uj鼺*mL&nTBrOU_18#Řn5.s92W)Kƴlkmٽ=ُګW;0jd\+(U":DBZ'/YL 1IGJm[FsX `YLu\mTAS5Ds쪌I#b4YݐRL(6b+r~<{rX;M\CTG[#6^ 9>aiU[s5.Q؅;6hKD̬;4BYAOqXG#ݨf̣jJ4 RQ1FcbbG}QL x*I[z:6];[_j=,єKe/wٻ;OWbT!szITDˣWDF/ ?k7DaO>씉 552;mHp+FcҌЗY5A-ӎZp RbYݷ#;C 0ƚcuve&{blѱ^߯o1zDwֵKTN;hlhӺUp̓4_cF }xm 2ə((7))kg&72_(wp+erG2g,9glg9:E:sN!ID8G#|g^7<$IArp$'-NH=> ΄Nég΂=x&*0/ƫ5& {ggߏ `06b&ށeױ+ԛ. n؎HBGv%N[0v׭Q]U$R?I読]sg1?U{ιs{ mOL890K'ijTqbP̫HR%47>471:4O5) $84p$2)nҼs:w%ҧk)(yr_zV4>S9%=xF&2iOK4bJry$vL_Q1agW>B$LT9Rɼoqs;V+V5VӚZ5d1H Գ@.ϱ<d7@'x <0x_(FrQIjk*Qc͚yNL^&ve*vђןJn۞}MZSi&@Vk$hZH#k)0ZR FJM,ьYO?V|n]oϪ0W] v EI|J)s2 :dVnOԹ bol%kJgd|@ziI"ו]zGH֤dMJ9rL&FM״:M4 )8M]艃SLYK!P`rbud6a3{; +q::r K(un-Sp-ܢ̢+Z[ Iv~J?C]f]OEd nv`G+c!TDB;c[p,Պ!^ F#m-p|`[+O :ҵ勍-8`r54q?Z#;a~J~>u{F dli#POXPh[.-i|֑z1KCk-RphE2I}h+q” cbaӠFݝ$Š{Dwf7K/s?p}#8>Sge3}Z6{ @_֛ F.zS`r5$KDD;eT miՆmrYEk|O:Gl"-{BrM]$D; NB@C[Lgge4Z & V9Ϫ J1My ;윝kİHj:}M>2zDf RDUP!#aUgR+J8+A9aBV3RK1 7ܩꥶ][./vl 7ݧf^[0oÈr#rab-eb2[r5{Tph4],Yl ˱}w8r`|c쫼[L?|ZB# pZ9tƵG9]1 Yg%ݴPVhXi [Ap[+oOx;xCܞWqΆPě|6W]=qvvKJR?3 (jƤ ew]fi ƃ܈ lBm N!#}TKG~d؜ WW[Py`̰sn N{M*\E*_:%|vb[Xrƚ}b$qKܼ+֜-b%pt'Y Bu=_[qpX|ɏW=œ_]~oyb]P;yGb';-ەw3]oi7^:iF6tQmꃣ8q{w{{߻w& IJHM mV S e%&3j`+"MS1502ccA3(Y{ù}y+Ÿ.~Ҷ{Z->WZu IJ2EpH /[6gw]Ƀʡ D$ȧxDuMC'L6S8zNg߀@:P,NeEiJrH&M5 hքs9j7JSc6)ӃJ7c?Zn䤣G90R:GTZ>br +S@}a0!Z/˗Am@kpso ߃،1'Y"c`<@kxͶꍕSK?N3gM1PIjxǮ96CyC= *-,'; 4?p}pRs(vې(JnȺh/b{RB_Oڠ ?nH| scSbߍRg UR<_3烾@H˥WI5804i&2*B8WMG JHEwPeVZ[C{v[ǡ2s7jѹXWd;DHxVbR)<u.+ ~N,xz8m}QJꜧԎ[ܒ8?56 Ͻ3}̬;;3xއӒRdǐJ= pJ loӎ;8>=Uc%JQXYr)j]wa5D/$,&C>ϝ/s4 ".8WtA:#x< \ Nk Zx@e mKٱ>Bmuhcݳ+D-fɠ# MT4KJ^e%f@a9H)P6v{̺-U &2|weg_ bMBM0O}+[i>% >ǫõwAhx&(ocZ_XZUXN7G3=}w|UOs{Caw>ƽ,p6+i+GsND)˛U=V+1,X⓸dflaY)*QIEyU'+b(pccp7 S,1c= fӳen6SI5#i/-Q!'vrfpT54 qht,ErKuP0xbkɤkE!xQMM$Vݤ0Mt&f `tݱn떚_Y}2ԺV.$,{tiRصHÑf[Mt)AQ+yyM8 1*.N+Vhݢs]wѫ>Vn{s=N޳[%J$*>Ψ,b UK0fzY(*0:v9q/kH=DI 9yWȅ]yB z)n@ PuF<.<Ш-E6|aH9ĀV 'dTv4"- 0o.` ׉!31#,&.L/Mc}UٮX̔"Ĵ<s}ww5z_/m!t\BK=΄2(VBJY%VQWC]puS~? GfYjT.s *+5ER0dah$K Au˒OQcK;blV𸚖NEU +)W74(Lc,pWg'2J='̧kͽ;{+(0ʻ)_@UFUDzhA-"dVrZi˦&?@I) '7ݏ&~y;ػ3Ƴ*Xd^̖ 4q{st*/Q/a'KXQjeZQ.KnEvcZ> `[j w À&?R˭0 _ p!<fm7ݝ%%5%$Ÿ>=60 7~ 7m6%uQcí|Niђ6屹mr2 $`֣!U8-O9DRb_iTz\@c7L%ꍲ& ʒG49Lcpp]mBOVM ;bY5+sP}|)͉9$97G?&.NMyr,~wʓRx¼ AB!Z#V06ŬAgŃ/pe8;ίmYKV˗w/AL~RǞla|H惰⇘ O=>1$<;<[_~BwNVJ73^LwuX)ì``Wڗ0taۍ2@S8ڡtJ:uUz)Q3*O쀁ż>A$X8l mn$4E ~w~&~`%xKդtͪ5Ykc{b{gM39 "|MmCm[0hP-znȂ㾘3Q0[-(wwZ1st2>v>\7ATh v(wٜ'3*b|ڒ va4c,aV 7 c- r@U+9V+)'](Z빯۸ovY]] CKta%Tة\t5i?qmц$@J;+.|sVbN|/~h*wpWzs,/SCrP>7f'T2u?7Cڧ4,x//{~@A:ۍѭ瀎$gt]tC-ь \㸇j ,)Knx B&[gxVe Ԥ~iDIBMWTz6 v:B(\#M7$Mǚn|귀02U`QX|ӊ5^{dft@ogbs*ܓ_o>D: M+kCrvHʓZ17{6uK~3vZd4q-urͩx8$9FGYxq]pG~K-?_8{o.!DK_`kaou_M_HSt_G?M<^z0e"j)Ɓ.fa1cB CyE ًCg/؂ߑGv~y⃾u=!@Ў[i03AʹMiѱ]!446dGe +Bw~{Ĝ1]/56sg3ݙ}3^.c;Y01`l(PT(1Q6q*WZ *#Q!ui%JʊZ*PUmzBwv|gvuu=xqw_0eyȊ"IGMn$1s<^l0!<]1ӞRUȂb(#ʘ2S*r\Pco W\1!ByӶrLi]`R=/,bZo$Lj?yi"ѳ̝ߏtc]~:OmK7(iC9?݊rd5ym}\͒W|+97)7^rE*H {ybPFi88r'5XĻutM"r2sxԢU1ƺt&αz,<%uzD=閌!iW*Mg;AN5QA&%Ym9eiW5z5)L$ƔC‘ΩtDtJY,tkuZnQ<'<\HM^3RA;|+.l{iۖm뱱۫Ĕ煖M/Ć~of/_@HvOG??WUDij_ٷ÷ͿEcRg5 uywNQ[]D|?uu-k}@VMeRrS4@Yr12MH:l]d7`zu 89\: Nx11~/nG73wSݬʩ#>kXz7T+cU &kx6zXGY!&SH:%" HHr%$aEVDe'bu'cgrmCW{7wgwW:zDʟc=ѕiˁəO"_-6:P*G!+'I&KV%Rܼe= *ϱILa9\ SgQ޵?G5Cp9Mnk&!$a]{vozrYtz^wCSZ([eIl}=ΰ4&g6 Hu z 0a`y"|y9X}+^Cq XFy?6ƊǃT>t{[{FbE)//ba{wZ/-,/4g#Tm׫bJ&Q0H_;v|iIqs~;Wh?k3zT 躱6;b.pǖOlK'-ltnM;]d21,ŜT7)N5{tgH2,~Q/! Q,È;XY#)C[ST`OiL0QnF=jJu eiQJ< WJ+%4M޼#y _Z/HqK9}2-Æ}7G92k餀^^m[W-^%[hQ#[qZT8j$]@]fm, kWP˯ ~ S5 1YC[νr~ι/Hu@]rdM Ym_&zMlͽ&eȌcw&N"0Ek|4@H + Ѐ!Rnվff]f=OH?䥭L/FcOҤ>^>g d?Zy &}@5p8@STy؃%U9QɄbb_H"#,B8 z;wXP p׸(>L`-ѧ$gzxBr4 =^/>W@+M^jdD/g_#?#"Ŏ$$Ng &٘fHH|f!Y83|Ad@0TPoXY]Z jJ asL ]iӬQ w:ǒ.H!XP- AiQ坤'82T$I7!+|Pd ̭>kӹ(yi>dKaWI ?e81UhEb_Jv01=u#Gsip\IsO.{ S(8~v|خrupj4?^;ITZG מ0^,.LIo H.68Chn{~#t\E,]MT]|t TYm4Xih,JJI6upҥI>'+Sr-Gkpr凘1eSr)wLa0Sr˔0"@Yl?᜽$@;Ϭ𔋔ei?FJGV 1w-.CFz\"E1#:m=a 2t (vf3-:ze/jKIh/CFj,1m\kakl/1Tc904 ޮ8oAvu /@#]W_&ˊ\IJL$$E|6/L8eAFA&2tDq6f"9Q"|(mXVժVA1A hmGClMuߖf9v~E^U"ms=2a13 :x%l!R0S0B@q< z7=pv{:l{&Q(gW7} &vONiT:)$qApv$(& |J5`}]1L0/_jt4`ʆPt M/ouPͥ&h:͉fl >DE a'Ev Rc"7 H%k/\npT]צ]ނ P&\1KuY*[F022,lDI~h-mԝ֘ᥓ.ؑڅ/kmc}U|N;)~7sJ>_ϪKtaK)o 꿿BKItےHAMt ЉO7~ߥ&f?ksOa9izmv\&KGs̑mW|GKɍcIATDfDJ _smv2d1ǻ1Ŕ[$s")!|BT:MgEUࢪ+M-9(^~= QB""i"/CTcUS|Sn`ۮ]B^TQ[Eʫ7w(>L&Rlk> [A>B%)j[<]!~} ~\Ԙ+IvR㰤ЧI!wq3G9 PvQ9% .dz(tdt dC`:v .|DzDrQKd Ga8ۻSc~C,g{ݱ۔-x{&]J/Q6׋z. +cNJ?cZNphᕰ#ZᑤK p6q 􆻯ܣO$kaF^5lar$f#9XbiX)qhu?ek kgEςut^#B\dp 7V#%Ww"V``7y\OR_,У\(׀K k9|+q]O3P-X@PBsQw]1jAƀ Ք8uM bSnnL)U6FG?U{ķŅT&sRڷ2}hэֱ'>eӰk7ɓۄD|ω1s,. KH '($Lqs@! (B%6C &RCp'pJ0D !e@X\qypDT 7+#@3 '5 =ak%hw9ߴA}iHOaRu] "JO@5Ai+ MuEմHzC*|~) ?Oaȧ0S)&} =:8 IPٝ+vÛJ#fj[. I+sY7YSPqE|NvȎj?ү#׆:sk[ߎNu>|7?Oc>؛q/t5{ ]o!fB$^qyo{1&?D->SA3ȫxPLʂ)N=6t{SMX M(M MԄK6߯ 2<Y3Hl$ d3iMm Y _i>۝dasvL2`P̭ce.>(B9Gċg5rgr9; \8Sx7>]Mʭs4.C!r?/1w`M" "-W2Eٖ1|_'MP2x焥&#X1bɡc pȊal8J=ۜ!leu/Ky«*qx !?jFw'SыQ#E  [اioOmՖV7zvaBELGҒl{C lCVgldSrɫֳjCb6w]uC.$ PU] &2̊ yBwήOQ{LvнwPb2?=,J㞼D iޠQEst{/3[&|7CEGbi"_㏺:ߵk).+׷v X>=Yv埭% 8’THw>_eC_.O|EϳGuA8~ oى!y^Χm^A\ROc&p.#D!>@JlWkl>3gz=kf]#ų&.)ŮD~@v$fTU~4WMȤ.JÏܩRۄRV6NiԦ Pڤwi~ū;9sϽw9I`gnh?m0nQ~Љ*7^Sm_q&8 _N..{ȥr;d"ƆMvw膿{9b!0'Gt>Ҧ`WwVwDkes$x9fG:ʓo,RaWW+j_Z5=D(Ϯ{jBn_Tm;$Jj+H{k(ݻ2=GdO'25l?~$ݣE]K/kB'崌SU ZI1Fjh=@ȩڄʴvA;iuЃ^.P7ka:t_ꉎe^YБRW:cFڡeD(+5"⩤;DA(cѓt߀nJޝ4"^ G2''e_`M0~a$$㴌d۾k[s[N%Ў.0Kهw”jI,0 WE+IRU'E60*%J ub2RA){J z VU;Pam4QQضힲyKAT)"khXt˫mtB[RHӤ?e?B厛S:%tP>"Wt,/RL`M]@/z2_D(͉斂Y+Lj(N6 r ;!d<_Bx~>g| ;3ƹ.jT)ʧI&@DŽcG}"̏gxK<' 3O9Qs]&9= Yܞ)(/A˭(ϳ3ݒ/Ķ,6-m< &I>s |Zu.w4*avx초+O ^3@#󀎈Mh[`r00 ,4 0 j#؈g~ؔՇ6-KY-g9kdV6\nZqIjT js~n-ԯ(ے6%ow#y_XJia)BBr㩭s[Tz.橛s7oT\b6Wײ Z֮uiF/sٰ۱@  Dz>0 LEIߴo޷+|/bg,GQN9p^iz2 VjTg7K # y@v,@o _wc 7[hBЦ }41'SmrYΪ,gsV=Ѐ8Q~3Q~3ڗJsRgD5_F^9``jeKeo_?+jĚV[My! e>$K!ՂhKΥZ 9Rk+mDh6_l~!h!܀NE%18_Z +!E\gB9?VWfTߍ-)X1700N9ݢuW̏b1y1f37&CRL}dne,j~55F͟FQ- w/)zi[+:L!"kRQcZ^Q-)*J(_ipYvD2QwQ"(u#b(^mZRHՃuٵTkKjn՜[f+% BI$&6mDtwjp h I_|{/ƀ D͞>n],q- pp@B'aoܝ:Q1,(y}"N?'f]>G|ĵmYw{ Na*✃w@Os#/q7Lr>;DqWF^ GH$H1MԪlĤh"Jk gL:'x%N\ۡ y1hGO(jk%k#1DQ[%W"bQ;ٟ8 d*E=~xux_d?tՀe]c߻o5P}gz--̇]eCbYWiCO* pm,gJf*{$̗S/'h~oF[FA,odYkdI&2k唎jjkZ# ^÷O"QY-ok$+e^ k^;>h[>H P2u{i5fIv8'P2t =^cY">4w&?w&#M3}Fcˮ~shjzut7CqsZs.J8KҔt2#9gNHS 鄙YC:2b#L!>r`6}E{"xhP[9M3B0u@6LM$6L Y e@$WAߡW:J!}!/ PZ;Z(""ǑO';sԱIk4iazg&bD?:D‹('L2ozGfu֡{OkT佩^+9ffuNubn50=\Әk 5 re4eeFB\iM N/@16DmwnFj3P=KtB5yK2M1k҄oFXg\(g n EX%qI:t=Ԓq|۶bfE\zP ]FI4M~gd߰#ˢ_Y2t+0DlD ՕjdmTr*~Jzf݊}c!P4,pCAEq00Bp!~]. !Y.PŒQ-Ff endstream endobj 1 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 2 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm ( )Tj 23.78 0 Td ( )Tj 23.272 0 Td (2)Tj 0.508 0 Td ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.001 Tw 13.92 0 0 13.92 159.0146 706.44 Tm [(R)-2(ep)-1(resen)-1(ta)-1(ti)1(o)-1(n)-1( i)1(n)-1( th)-1(e C)-2(l)1(a)-1(ssro)-1(o)-1(m)-3(: )]TJ 0.003 Tc 14.638 0 Td [(T)-1(he E)-1(f)1(f)1(ect)1( of)1( )]TJ 0.005 Tc -0.005 Tw -13.899 -1.328 Td [(O)1(wn)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.068 0 Td (-)Tj 0.335 0 Td ( )Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 0.251 0 Td [(R)-2(a)-1(ce )]TJ 0.003 Tc -0.001 Tw 2.373 0 Td [(T)-1(eacher A)-2(ssi)1(gnm)-2(ent)1( on St)1(udent)1( )]TJ 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 1.552 -1.328 Td [(A)-2(ch)-1(i)1(ev)-1(em)-3(en)-1(t)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 2.793 -1.328 Td ( )Tj 0 -1.345 TD ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 169.7182 615.72 Tm (Anna J. Egalite)Tj 7.92 0 0 7.92 243.4 621.2401 Tm (4)Tj 12 0 0 12 247.3646 615.72 Tm ( )Tj (, Brian Kisida)Tj 7.92 0 0 7.92 317.32 621.2401 Tm (5)Tj 12 0 0 12 321.3549 615.72 Tm (, and Marcus A. Winters)Tj 7.92 0 0 7.92 439.24 621.2401 Tm (6)Tj 12 0 0 12 443.3217 615.72 Tm ( )Tj -11.4 -1.96 Td ( )Tj -1.694 -2.16 Td (Abstract)Tj ( )Tj -17.806 -2.16 Td (Previous research suggests that there )Tj (are )Tj (academic benefits when students and teachers share the )Tj 0 -1.34 TD (same race)Tj (/)Tj (ethnicity)Tj ( )Tj (because such teachers can serve )Tj (as role models, mentors, advocates, or )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 242.92 519.72 277.2 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 508.44 Tm (cultural translators.)Tj ( )Tj (In this paper, w)Tj (e obtain estimates of achievement changes as students are )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 503.88 361.68 -13.92 re f 485.32 503.88 24 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 492.6 Tm (assigned to teachers of )Tj (different)Tj ( )Tj (race)Tj (s)Tj (/)Tj (ethnicities from grades 3 through 10 )Tj (utiliz)Tj (ing)Tj ( )Tj (a)Tj ( )Tj (large )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 488.04 466.56 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 476.76 Tm (administrative dataset provided by the Florida Department of Education )Tj 29.02 0 Td (that follows)Tj ( )Tj (the universe )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 472.2 454.56 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 460.92 Tm (of test)Tj (-)Tj (taking students in Florida public schools from 2001)Tj (-)Tj (02 through 2008)Tj (-)Tj (09. )Tj (We find small )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 456.36 444.48 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 445.08 Tm (but significant positive effects when )Tj (black)Tj ( )Tj (and )Tj (white)Tj ( )Tj (students are assigned to )Tj (race)Tj (-)Tj (congruent)Tj ( )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 440.52 441.84 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 429.24 Tm (teachers in reading)Tj ( )Tj (\()Tj (.004 to .005)Tj ( )Tj (standard deviations\))Tj ( )Tj (and )Tj (for)Tj ( )Tj (black)Tj (,)Tj ( )Tj (white)Tj ( )Tj (and Asian)Tj [(/Pacif)-1(ic )]TJ ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 424.68 281.28 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 413.4 Tm (Island)Tj ( )Tj (students in math)Tj ( )Tj (\(.0)Tj (0)Tj (7)Tj ( )Tj (to .0)Tj (41)Tj ( )Tj (standard deviations\))Tj (. )Tj (We also examine the effects of race )Tj T* [(matching by students')-1( prior performance level, finding that lower)]TJ 26.035 0 Td (-)Tj (performing )Tj (black)Tj ( )Tj (and )Tj (white)Tj ( )Tj -26.035 -1.32 Td (students appear to particularly benefit from being assigned to a race)Tj 27.102 0 Td (-)Tj (congruent teacher.)Tj ( )Tj -27.102 -1.32 Td ( )Tj 0 -1.14 TD ( )Tj 0 -1.98 TD (Keywords:)Tj ( )Tj (Race and ethnicity matchin)Tj 15.551 0 Td (g; Student/teacher assignment; minority teachers; )Tj -15.551 -1.32 Td (minority students; achievement gap; educational economics)Tj 23.91 0 Td ( )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 297.72 108 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 286.44 Tm (JEL classification: I20)Tj ( )Tj 0 -3.14 TD ( )Tj 19.5 -3.14 Td ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 12 0 Td ( )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf 10.8 0 0 10.8 72.52 125.64 Tm <0001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001>Tj 8.889 0 Td <00010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001>Tj 4.444 0 Td <0001>Tj ET 72.52 127.56 144 0.72 re f BT /TT0 1 Tf 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 113.16 Tm [(* W)-7(e)1( t)4(ha)1(nk t)4(he)1( F)-1(l)4(or)3(i)4(da)1( D)-4(e)1(pa)1(r)3(t)4(m)-4(e)1(nt)4( of)2( E)-2(duc)1(a)1(t)4(i)4(on f)2(or)3( pr)3(ovi)4(di)4(ng t)4(he)1( da)1(t)4(a)1( us)2(e)1(d i)4(n t)4(hi)4(s)2( pa)1(pe)1(r)3(.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 36.633 0 Td ( )Tj 6.48 0 0 6.48 72.52 104.52 Tm (4)Tj 9.84 0 0 9.84 75.7699 99.96 Tm ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw 0.254 0 Td [(P)-1(E)-2(P)-1(G)-4(,)4( H)-4(a)1(r)3(va)1(r)3(d K)-4(e)1(nne)1(dy S)-1(c)1(hool)4(,)4( )]TJ 0 0 1 scn -0.008 Tw 14.084 0 Td [(A)-4(nna)1(_E)-2(ga)1(l)4(i)4(t)4(e)1(@)-7(hks)1(.)4(ha)1(r)2(va)1(r)2(d.)4(e)1(du)]TJ 0 0 0 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw 13.014 0 Td ( )Tj 0.254 0 Td ( )Tj ET 0 0 1 scn 216.76 98.28 128.16 0.24 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 6.48 0 0 6.48 72.52 91.32 Tm (5)Tj 9.84 0 0 9.84 75.7699 86.76 Tm ( )Tj 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw 0.254 0 Td [(U)-5(n)-1(i)3(v)-1(er)1(si)3(t)3(y)-1( o)-1(f)1( A)-5(r)1(k)-1(an)-1(sas,)3( )]TJ 0 0 1 scn 0.004 Tc -0.004 Tw 9.935 0 Td [(b)-4(k)-4(is)-2(id)-4(a)-3(@)-11(e)-3(m)-8(a)-3(il.u)-4(a)-3(r)-1(k)-4(.e)-3(d)-4(u)]TJ 0 0 0 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw 9.91 0 Td ( )Tj 0.254 0 Td ( )Tj ET 0 0 1 scn 175.96 85.08 97.44 0.24 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 6.48 0 0 6.48 72.52 78.36 Tm (6)Tj 9.84 0 0 9.84 75.7699 73.8 Tm ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw 0.254 0 Td [(U)-4(ni)4(ve)1(r)2(s)1(i)4(t)4(y of)2( C)-3(ol)3(or)2(a)1(do a)1(t)4( C)-3(ol)4(or)2(a)1(do S)-1(pr)2(i)4(ngs)1(,)4( )]TJ 0 0 1 scn -0.008 Tw 18.319 0 Td [(m)-4(w)-3(i)4(nt)4(e)1(r)3(s)2(@)-6(uc)1(cs)2(.)4(e)1(du)]TJ 0 0 0 scn /C2_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 8.245 0 Td <0001>Tj 0.23 0 Td <0001>Tj ET 0 0 1 scn 258.52 72.12 81.121 0.24 re f endstream endobj 3 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 4 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm ( )Tj 23.78 0 Td ( )Tj 23.272 0 Td (3)Tj 0.508 0 Td ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 708.36 Tm (1.)Tj /TT2 1 Tf ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 1.875 0 Td (Introduction)Tj ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.375 -2.3 Td (Minority teachers are underrepresented in )Tj 16.965 0 Td (American public )Tj (schools \(Ingersoll )Tj (&)Tj ( )Tj (May, 2011; )Tj -18.465 -2.3 Td (Kirby, Berends, )Tj (& )Tj (Naftel, 1999; )Tj (Vil)Tj 14.442 0 Td (legas, Strom, )Tj (&)Tj ( )Tj (Lucas, 2012)Tj (\). )Tj (Though concerning in any )Tj -14.442 -2.3 Td (profession, the disproportionate number of minority teachers is particul\ arly noteworthy because a )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (growing body of research suggests that minority students could benefit f\ rom assignment)Tj 35.3 0 Td ( )Tj (to )Tj -35.3 -2.3 Td (teachers of their own race/ethnicity \(Clotfelter, Ladd, & Vigdor, 2007;\ Dee, 2004; Ehrenberg, )Tj T* (Goldhaber, & Brewer, 1995; Meier, Wrinkle, & Polinard, 1999; Pitts, 2007\ \). If )Tj 31.856 0 Td (that is indeed the )Tj -31.856 -2.3 Td (case)Tj (, then the underrepresentation of minority teachers in sc)Tj 24.019 0 Td (hools could be a contributing factor )Tj -24.019 -2.3 Td (to the racial test score gap in the United States. )Tj 19.272 0 Td ( )Tj -19.272 -3.14 Td ( )Tj 3 0 Td (Many practitioners, policymakers, and others in the education community \ have claimed )Tj -3 -2.3 Td (that minority teachers)Tj 8.719 0 Td ( )Tj (are uniquely positioned to)Tj ( )Tj (improve the performance of min)Tj (ority students )Tj -8.719 -2.3 Td (directly or indirectly, by serving as role models)Tj 18.939 0 Td (,)Tj ( )Tj (mentors, advocates, or cultural translators for )Tj -18.939 -2.3 Td (those students \(Adair, 1984; Graham, 1987; King, 1993; Ladson)Tj (-)Tj (Billings, 1992; )Tj (Pitts, 2007; )Tj T* (Stewart, Meier, )Tj (& )Tj (Eng)Tj (land, 1989\). )Tj (This has resulted)Tj ( )Tj (in calls)Tj ( )Tj (from prominent politicians and )Tj T* (education administrators)Tj 9.858 0 Td ( )Tj (for the)Tj ( )Tj (large)Tj (-)Tj (scale)Tj 7.468 0 Td ( )Tj (recruitment of minority teachers \(see, for example, )Tj -17.327 -2.3 Td (U.S. Department of Education, 2010\). )Tj (In some cases, s)Tj (tate)Tj ( )Tj (policies have been enacted to recruit )Tj T* (minority teachers. For example)Tj (, )Tj (Florida adopted a strategy )Tj (in 1996 )Tj (to recruit and train more )Tj T* (minority teachers )Tj (by offering)Tj ( )Tj (an)Tj ( )Tj (annual scholarship of up to $4,000 for African)Tj (-)Tj ( )Tj (American, )Tj 0 -2.28 TD (Hispanic)Tj (-)Tj ( )Tj (American, Asian)Tj (-)Tj (America)Tj (n, and Native American students in Florida\222s public or )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (private universities that are admitted into a teacher education program)Tj 28.017 0 Td ( )Tj (\(Florida Fund for )Tj -28.017 -2.3 Td (Minority Teachers, Inc., 2014\))Tj (.)Tj ( )Tj ( )Tj 0 -3.14 TD ( )Tj 3 0 Td (W)Tj (hether or not )Tj (assignment to a teacher of the same race/ethnicity is related )Tj 30.349 0 Td (to student )Tj -33.349 -2.3 Td (achievement is an empirical question that has yet to be )Tj 22.104 0 Td (full)Tj (y )Tj (resolv)Tj (ed)Tj (. )Tj (The analyses presented in )Tj ET endstream endobj 5 0 obj <>stream H|U tW97/Id䒚<"ސQ&A^I4AH Ŵ&3N)5PSZ!S":KWTSjhTY+FM0kM}>{y+g-A~ {Qmq~cUpjųmlоzvƂI :9]|nf3߯7CGiyvOɌYEn&-CG./iÂӫb֜vq??]>l" & _ѶG݌88[f^~UVѭmva^c7E$P4! 9fF+^Cc uBtS!2XNky ƫhjsp|1B &DjAG]^*!zV#P20 #=$aZ VY" ݑH6Ϙ"x;S2իt,-?b5/2K;̖r03<<؆cԉrZ+2dz3z12\4JlR!&b>f}^MTޡ=DE=I"8",|ㆨ20yl(u#9gDxI$O7{;ş`pFrlF4Q/h "Drozr* sUIXcKhޤFa PՏUK6z4G<ؾݨg7ppJR@5u(Q!ֈMb-W#T uNz]m0 \;?E\pX׸aa+s跴vQj%+A :K8UUb5[?sqN\-O>'7HCUJTU ə -vCŒa)TX~V[oMj o JZȑX\ucq#YxzqlIiD%TM5*Nki#ؓ0'ܢD,5eQkDgE3#6,d,LR$pdWm<%/d3g-RuWsBڬTVkvX{=X,ZYX.Z-~\ﬧ7*(=]lx)ɜ<*P9c"UgM]|/EEH>hT%(Zm3c"y:!&uD[>i:vj"*]e-AQ( j#"Ug y\W A㰨wᴳϵ=س-!Yn1QǻD1<,CHpP`բ)))N[K7]Jmnp?2t~X]~1aI;KNI{$HMѝ68{pl>/;lG~|AwF:t\ȞWq68(˖Uڠ`&2"m9tiD>tclS 2df Ka|`^RY7S\!Ŷb|C |6:&]RYV)+XqF>э.O6^A5 ߠlRyͿӷ㚦L[gS10nA>1N3>o q[;ڮG?|Rޱ-aDHg~/FY!pAzHmSSOQ:S@|(挔Y.O@߾ᄀmsNǗCw!āY MQrGJ:)1u*uZJ*3AuҶjBv(n;jSi*4ҶwTE dg56IyiR]9J9&.QOŭVEnO/}O4&TcQ큽[1 r2FJ:޺qY{TR7$KJx#v5:,Yҟ_ xaO=xinO.bVmoLR *Ŧ|nL*-WܴY2R,{+'xe?R/ۖ2%_WK*J5}x@f19ܨ,/;4X VlVζ4*w=bYӃ1+7}zŲ8˗reJ)֯`KEY$(3 <<bJyic\}~q$׸ Vq=T*!sJ$dV]Q G)PP݄@.r2/rY7wߺv{?Pw=ꖗx=a*wqts#)9#]8HSY;>?@9YSjE^w>Pxmv/6O9C fO\ePҐ`x|#YAnZ#"[7S~䜘9a3!=OE7o+z&r[,hj`gRl:M@ bBWOC А\!.a" 7EH0KN)Dž^]t+/U/.#T$4 ݄"$8ojV_Q_20 Qin~k#(ę%v^gM4NEUDE1tz #J?d?ĝň#Q"qp83&‡!~_$Ta|#MWO8^j#vU9#F+T/|8]j+Y>$601ǣҦO!ªR)T Ja1q%gP]g qCmUgcBY!Db*vʫdςvM-U :UyKhGȑYBCy K acnIK0 d^DȉY+4ԐYc -Io"-w%/b 4M ,gd/yo!}og7|exƁoھ,nm/ERde})RM>[&>sl|p¶7|Nnq.Jv=ҦmmVLE۵96bQ-;Wz?~j5f?Ĕ/P) vldܞӵ,Fh2ڌIn 'ޤn,^ | a'9vd@gIi&(KS 6NAPzq~: t o    "Hqqqq" DAĉ%" " "Ja00@ ADDDD0000aaa"t:NBЉA t"T*J BPPi}F I@@@((((QQQfD޼$$$OHHHH<<|iGi28)hJB́́́5Ia@XDX , "" " " "MDDDD4mH_}S~(1/yY9 wa,Wfy*RMm(~hWmmv:`߱f!$:X=ݶ-T7gVv#?cW+n\\D+uŶܲ۸ ;S zqӂ8 R(ń2ZQ z-WYvn{;ڲ&+=?}+ٟ";Sڱ)ɭo< -` 5#%䂼(kǕ1eDR(qEQbJTZ1ѬĢF~D5lAR$rGrJWKZ@Ѝ^ 9Y+[ȧΖЙ\|s9#WrVNpb/MwCْP剔W6u JlO  L4y3&?Cbj}5zT+^j >T#K[﬊CІ_x ?wz^ťnT qL@$ Te͞. ֐w5 V.YjBu=9Kx8?]֤K5;JhWQSsQz(Q6m _AԌj/yl ~_O n 3Tɦ%Zk ծ;Vƺ8: ΖO0^'b2 endstream endobj 6 0 obj <>stream h,A @Ԃ"PRQtXlЅՕu{cޛ(}Iעےj 1pC8\\6E1c\4R}&BMG*!>0͋21/(<[CM#(pgeVRs>tFvVτ|$_߈K> endstream endobj 7 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 8 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm ( )Tj 23.78 0 Td ( )Tj 23.272 0 Td (4)Tj 0.508 0 Td ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 72.5199 708.36 Tm (this paper)Tj ( )Tj (add to )Tj (a )Tj (growing body of research by taking advantage of a )Tj 28.158 0 Td (large )Tj (dataset that includes )Tj -28.158 -2.3 Td (approximately three)Tj ( )Tj (million s)Tj (tudents linked to 92)Tj (,000 teachers)Tj ( )Tj (over a period of seven)Tj ( )Tj (years)Tj ( )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (throughout the Florida public school system. )Tj (F)Tj (ollowing the performance of individual students)Tj 37.94 0 Td ( )Tj -37.94 -2.3 Td (across an entire state)Tj ( )Tj (as they are assigned to teachers of different race/ethnicities)Tj 32.153 0 Td ( )Tj (throughout their )Tj -32.153 -2.3 Td (elementary and s)Tj (econdary education)Tj ( )Tj (provides )Tj (an especially rigorous test of the claims that )Tj T* (minority teachers can boost the performance of minority students)Tj 26.104 0 Td ( )Tj (in both elementary and )Tj -26.104 -2.3 Td (middle/high school grades)Tj (.)Tj ( )Tj ( )Tj 0 -3.14 TD ( )Tj 3 0 Td (W)Tj (e find that)Tj ( )Tj (student )Tj (math and reading achievement is )Tj 21.799 0 Td (significantly)Tj (, positively)Tj ( )Tj (influenced )Tj -24.799 -2.3 Td (by the race/ethnicity of their teacher. Specifically, student math achie\ vement increases by .008 )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (standard deviations \(SD\) in math and .00)Tj (1)Tj ( )Tj (SD in reading. Although small, the overall match )Tj T* (effect masks important heteroge)Tj (neity by race. Results for )Tj (black)Tj ( )Tj (and )Tj (white)Tj ( )Tj (students are )Tj T* (significantly positive)Tj ( )Tj (in reading)Tj (, with effect size)Tj (s)Tj ( )Tj (of)Tj ( )Tj (.0)Tj (04)Tj ( )Tj (and .005 )Tj (SD)Tj (, respectively)Tj (. In math, )Tj T* (results for )Tj (black)Tj (, )Tj (white)Tj (, and Asian)Tj ( )Tj (students are .019)Tj (,)Tj ( )Tj (.0)Tj (07)Tj (, and .041)Tj ( )Tj (SD)Tj (, respectively)Tj (. The largest)Tj ( )Tj T* (pos)Tj (itive)Tj ( )Tj (impacts observed are for Asian )Tj (students)Tj ( )Tj (in grades six through ten)Tj (, where)Tj ( )Tj (student/)Tj (teacher )Tj T* (race matching is associated with)Tj ( )Tj (a math)Tj ( )Tj (achievement increase of .0)Tj (53)Tj ( )Tj (SD)Tj (.)Tj ( )Tj (Results for Hispanic )Tj T* (students provide a notable exception to these findings and are discussed\ in further detail below.)Tj 38.129 0 Td ( )Tj -35.129 -3.12 Td (The remainder of this paper proceeds as follows. )Tj (In s)Tj (ection )Tj (two)Tj ( )Tj (we review)Tj ( )Tj (the relevant )Tj -3 -2.3 Td (literature on the effects of student/teacher race)Tj 18.547 0 Td ( )Tj (matching. )Tj (In s)Tj (ection )Tj (three)Tj ( )Tj (we )Tj (describe)Tj ( )Tj (the data )Tj -18.547 -2.3 Td (employed in this analysis and)Tj ( )Tj (the student/teacher matching process.)Tj 27.076 0 Td ( )Tj (In s)Tj (ection )Tj (four)Tj ( )Tj (we present)Tj ( )Tj -27.076 -2.3 Td (our empirical strategy. )Tj (In s)Tj (ection )Tj (five)Tj ( )Tj (we present)Tj ( )Tj (the primary results a)Tj (s well as)Tj ( )Tj (addit)Tj (ional )Tj T* (analyses that ev)Tj (aluate our findings with regard)Tj ( )Tj (to student performance levels)Tj 30.713 0 Td (. )Tj (W)Tj (e discuss the )Tj -30.713 -2.3 Td (results)Tj ( )Tj (and )Tj (the limitations of the study)Tj ( )Tj (in the final section)Tj (. )Tj ( )Tj ET endstream endobj 9 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 10 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm ( )Tj 23.78 0 Td ( )Tj 23.272 0 Td (5)Tj 0.508 0 Td ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 708.36 Tm (2. )Tj (Literature)Tj ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3 -3.14 Td (A number of theories exist to explain the mechanisms by which assignment\ to an own)Tj 34.438 0 Td (-)Tj -37.438 -2.3 Td (race/ethnicity )Tj (teacher might influence a student\222s achievement. Minority teachers ma\ y influence )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (minority students in a passive way, by indirectly serving as role models\ \(Adair, 1984; Graham, )Tj T* (1987; Hess & Leal, 1997; Stewart et al., 1989\). If this is the case, st\ udents ma)Tj 31.105 0 Td (y respond to )Tj -31.105 -2.3 Td (demographically similar role models by raising their motivation and pers\ onal expectations.)Tj 7.92 0 0 7.92 509.32 565.8 Tm (7)Tj 12 0 0 12 513.4066 560.28 Tm ( )Tj (The )Tj -36.741 -2.3 Td (presence of a demographically similar teacher may also reduce race/ethni\ city)Tj 30.847 0 Td (-)Tj (based \223stereotype )Tj -30.847 -2.3 Td (threat\224 \(Steele, 1997)Tj (; Steele and Aronson, 1995)Tj (\), wh)Tj (ich occurs when a student perceives that )Tj T* (\(s\)he could be viewed through the lens of a negative stereotype and lo\ wers academic engagement )Tj T* (and performance as a result. )Tj ( )Tj 0 -3.12 TD ( )Tj 3 0 Td (Assignment to a demographically similar teacher may also affect student \ achievement )Tj -3 -2.3 Td (more )Tj (directly if teachers display unintended biases or different expectations\ for students with )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (different demographic traits than their own \(Baron, Tom & Cooper, 1985;\ Cahnmann & )Tj T* (Remillard, 2002; Ferguson, 1998; McLoyd, 1998\). In their 1995 study, Eh\ renberg, Go)Tj 34.523 0 Td (ldhaber, )Tj -34.523 -2.3 Td [(and Brewer found that teachers\222 race, gender, and ethnicity were like\ ly to inf)-1(luence teachers\222 )]TJ T* (subjective evaluations of their students. These and related findings hav\ e been used to support )Tj T* (policies for rigorous recruitment of minority teachers)Tj 21.272 0 Td (. )Tj ( )Tj -21.272 -3.14 Td ( )Tj 3 0 Td (Although there is )Tj (broad belief in)Tj ( )Tj (the importance of race in )Tj (student)Tj (-)Tj (teacher relationships, )Tj -3 -2.3 Td (it has proved challenging to measure the impacts of these racial pairing\ s on student achievement )Tj T* (in a rigorous way)Tj (, resulting in )Tj (a )Tj (relatively )Tj (small body of)Tj 22.468 0 Td ( )Tj (empirica)Tj (l support)Tj (.)Tj ( )Tj (Dee \(2004\) provided )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf 10.8 0 0 10.8 72.52 129.72 Tm <0001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001>Tj 8.889 0 Td <00010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001>Tj 4.444 0 Td <0001>Tj ET 72.52 131.64 144 0.72 re f BT /C2_0 1 Tf 6.48 0 0 6.48 72.52 120.6 Tm <0005>Tj 9.84 0 0 9.84 75.8143 115.56 Tm <0001>Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 78.0751 115.56 Tm (A related line of research has explored the relationship between teacher\ gender and student )Tj -0.463 -1.16 Td (achievement, with mixed results \(Bettinger)Tj 17.245 0 Td ( )Tj (and Long, 2005; Dee, 2005; Ehrenberg, Goldhaber, )Tj -17.245 -1.14 Td (and Brewer, 1995; Gibb, Fergusson, and Horwood, 2008; Neumark and Gardec\ ki, 1998; Nixon )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (and Robinson, 1999; Robst, Keil, & Russo, 1998; Winters, Haight, Swaim, \ and Pickering, 2013\).)Tj /C2_0 1 Tf 9.84 0 0 9.84 539.1606 74.04 Tm <0001>Tj ET endstream endobj 11 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 12 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm ( )Tj 23.78 0 Td ( )Tj 23.272 0 Td (6)Tj 0.508 0 Td ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 72.5199 708.36 Tm (the first )Tj (experimental)Tj ( )Tj (analysis of the relationship between teacher race/ethnicity and student \ )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (achievement)Tj (,)Tj ( )Tj (yet his analysis is limited to grades K)Tj 20.523 0 Td (-)Tj (3)Tj (.)Tj 7.92 0 0 7.92 331.72 686.28 Tm (8)Tj 12 0 0 12 335.7914 680.76 Tm ( )Tj (Dee analyzed test score data)Tj ( )Tj (for )Tj (black)Tj ( )Tj -21.939 -2.3 Td (and )Tj (white)Tj ( )Tj (students)Tj ( )Tj (participating )Tj (in)Tj ( )Tj (Tennessee\222s Project STAR, a four)Tj (-)Tj (year, large)Tj (-)Tj (scale )Tj T* (randomized experiment designed to measure the relationship between class\ size)Tj 31.905 0 Td ( )Tj (and student )Tj -31.905 -2.3 Td (achievement)Tj (.)Tj ( )Tj (Dee )Tj 7.413 0 Td (found evidence that )Tj (assignment to an own)Tj (-)Tj (race)Tj (/ethnicity)Tj ( )Tj (teacher increases the )Tj -7.413 -2.3 Td (math and reading )Tj (achievement of both )Tj (black)Tj ( )Tj (and )Tj (white)Tj ( )Tj (students)Tj ( )Tj (by be)Tj (tween )Tj (0.6)Tj ( )Tj (and )Tj (6)Tj ( )Tj (percentile )Tj T* (points. )Tj ( )Tj 0 -3.14 TD ( )Tj 3 0 Td (Clotfelter, Ladd, and Vigdor)Tj ( )Tj (\(2007\))Tj ( )Tj (affirm)Tj (ed)Tj ( )Tj (Dee\222s findings)Tj ( )Tj (for elementary students )Tj -3 -2.3 Td (using panel data from North Carolina.)Tj ( )Tj (Conversely,)Tj ( )Tj (Howsen and Trawick \(2007\) )Tj (analyze)Tj (d)Tj ( )Tj (a )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (cross)Tj (-)Tj (sectional dataset comprised of Kentucky third)Tj 20.744 0 Td (-)Tj (graders )Tj (in 1989)Tj (-)Tj (90 )Tj (with a)Tj (n observational)Tj ( )Tj -20.744 -2.3 Td (model that included control variables )Tj 15.134 0 Td (meant to capture the effect of )Tj 11.995 0 Td (\223)Tj (student )Tj (innate )Tj (ability)Tj (,\224 )Tj -27.129 -2.3 Td (measured by a cognitive skills index,)Tj ( )Tj (and f)Tj (ou)Tj (nd no )Tj (statistically s)Tj (ignificant effect on student )Tj T* (achievement. )Tj (However, )Tj (these studies)Tj ( )Tj (were)Tj ( )Tj (limited to early grades and )Tj (did)Tj ( )Tj (not consider effects for )Tj T* (older students for whom racial/ethnic identity is enhanced. )Tj 23.688 0 Td (Indeed, )Tj (with the exception of )Tj -23.688 -2.3 Td (Ehrenberg, Goldhaber)Tj (, and Brewer)Tj ( )Tj (\(1995\) and Ehrenberg and Brewer \(1995\), )Tj (t)Tj (here has been )Tj T* (scant research on this topic at the secondary school level)Tj 22.631 0 Td (.)Tj ( )Tj -22.631 -3.12 Td ( )Tj 3 0 Td (Using data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988, )Tj 28.523 0 Td (Ehrenberg, )Tj -31.523 -2.3 Td (Goldhaber)Tj (, and Brewer)Tj ( )Tj (\(1995\))Tj ( )Tj (test)Tj (ed)Tj ( )Tj (the race)Tj (-)Tj (matching hypot)Tj (hesis)Tj ( )Tj (by examining )Tj [(students')-1( )]TJ T* (performance )Tj (gains from )Tj (8)Tj 0.003 Tc -0.003 Tw 7.92 0 0 7.92 196.8148 197.16 Tm (th)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 12 0 0 12 203.0375 191.64 Tm ( )Tj (grade)Tj ( )Tj (to 10)Tj 0.003 Tc -0.003 Tw 7.92 0 0 7.92 260.0199 197.16 Tm (th)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 12 0 0 12 266.2426 191.64 Tm ( )Tj (grade.)Tj ( )Tj (They )Tj (were )Tj (unable to control for the )Tj -16.144 -2.3 Td [(characteristics of the students')-1( 9)]TJ 0.003 Tc -0.003 Tw 7.92 0 0 7.92 225.309 169.56 Tm (th)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 12 0 0 12 231.5316 164.04 Tm ( )Tj (grade teachers, )Tj (however, )Tj (which)Tj ( )Tj (makes it impossible to identify )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf 10.8 0 0 10.8 72.52 143.64 Tm <0001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001>Tj 8.889 0 Td <00010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001>Tj 4.444 0 Td <0001>Tj ET 72.52 145.56 144 0.72 re f BT /C2_0 1 Tf 6.48 0 0 6.48 72.52 134.52 Tm <0006>Tj 9.84 0 0 9.84 75.8143 129.48 Tm <0001>Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 78.0751 129.48 Tm (The bulk of the eviden)Tj (ce that classroom inte)Tj (ractions between white)Tj ( )Tj (teachers and minority )Tj -0.463 -1.16 Td (students may b)Tj (e a contributing factor to the black)Tj 19.772 0 Td (-)Tj (white)Tj ( )Tj (achievement gap had been under)Tj 15.91 0 Td (-)Tj -35.682 -1.16 Td (developed)Tj ( )Tj (up until that point)Tj ( )Tj (\()Tj (Crain )Tj (and)Tj ( )Tj (Mahard, 1978)Tj (; Darkenwald, 1975)Tj (; )Tj (Ehrenberg et al., )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (1995; Fark)Tj (as , Grobe, Sheehan and Shaun., 1990; Glick)Tj (, 1971)Tj (; Ma)Tj (ynor )Tj (and)Tj ( )Tj (Katzenmeyer, 1974)Tj (; )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (Ohberg, 1972)Tj (; Sanders, 198)Tj (4)Tj (\).)Tj ( )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf 9.84 0 0 9.84 225.8305 74.04 Tm <0001>Tj ET endstream endobj 13 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 14 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm ( )Tj 23.78 0 Td ( )Tj 23.272 0 Td (7)Tj 0.508 0 Td ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 72.5199 708.36 Tm (if the students experienced a race)Tj (-)Tj (match in)Tj ( )Tj (that intervening year or not. This significant )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (limitation m)Tj (akes it difficult to interpret their null findings. In another study ana\ lyzing secondary )Tj T* [(students')-1( outcomes, Ehrenberg and Brewer \(1995\) )]TJ (demonstra)Tj (te)Tj (d)Tj ( )Tj (test score improvements for )Tj T* (black)Tj ( )Tj (students ass)Tj (igned to )Tj (black)Tj ( )Tj (teachers. Their analysis, however, )Tj (wa)Tj (s not robust)Tj ( )Tj (to )Tj T* (specifications that addressed)Tj ( )Tj (the simultaneous determination of teacher characteristics and relied )Tj T* (upon \223synthetic\224 gain scores. Thus,)Tj ( )Tj (the rich data and)Tj ( )Tj (the)Tj ( )Tj (extended age)Tj ( )Tj (range examined in this )Tj T* (study are)Tj ( )Tj (of particular importance)Tj (, especially)Tj ( )Tj (in light of established theories of racial and ethnic )Tj T* (identity. Phinney \(1989\), for example, suggested that ethnic identity \ development is a facet of )Tj T* (adolescence. Similarly, Erikson \(19)Tj (68\) identified the development of an individual\222s identity as )Tj T* (an important psychosocial task associated specifically with adolescence.\ )Tj 28.935 0 Td ( )Tj -28.935 -3.14 Td ( )Tj 3 0 Td (Related research )Tj (that indirectly addresses this t)Tj (opic includes research that examines )Tj -3 -2.3 Td (t)Tj (eachers\222 subjective evaluations o)Tj 13.467 0 Td (f students\222 classroom behaviors and scholastic aptitude)Tj (, which)Tj ( )Tj -13.467 -2.3 Td (may also be influenced by race/ethnicity)Tj 16.188 0 Td ( )Tj (\(Ehrenberg et al, 1995; Ouazad, 2014\))Tj (.)Tj ( )Tj (Multiple )Tj -16.188 -2.3 Td (ethnographies in K)Tj (-)Tj (12 schools, for example, have reported perceptions among teachers of )Tj T* (\223whiteness\224 cor)Tj (responding with intelligence \(Morris)Tj 21.05 0 Td (,)Tj ( )Tj (2005; Staiger)Tj (,)Tj ( )Tj (2004; Tyson)Tj (,)Tj ( )Tj (2003\). )Tj -21.05 -2.3 Td (E)Tj (hrenberg et al. )Tj (\(199)Tj (5)Tj (\) )Tj (examine)Tj (d)Tj ( )Tj (the influence of race)Tj (/)Tj (ethnicity)Tj (-)Tj (matches on teachers\222 subjective )Tj T* (evaluations of students)Tj (.)Tj ( )Tj (They)Tj ( )Tj (showed)Tj ( )Tj (that )Tj (both )Tj (black)Tj ( )Tj (and )Tj (white)Tj ( )Tj (teachers tend)Tj ( )Tj (to give higher )Tj T* (subjective evaluations to )Tj (students of the same race)Tj (/ethnicity)Tj (.)Tj ( )Tj (Similarly, Ouazad \(2014\) showed )Tj 0 -2.28 TD (that teachers give more favorable assessments of ability to same)Tj 25.631 0 Td (-)Tj (race students. )Tj ( )Tj -25.631 -3.14 Td ( )Tj 3 0 Td (A recent analysis of the 2002 Education Longitudinal Study by M)Tj 26.385 0 Td (cGrady and Reynolds )Tj -29.385 -2.3 Td (\(2012\) also revealed significant mismatch effects on subjective evalua\ tions of classroom )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (behavior and perceptions of scholastic aptitude across racial/ethnic gro\ ups. McGrady and )Tj T* (Reynolds found that both Hispanic and )Tj (black)Tj ( )Tj (students evalu)Tj (ated by )Tj (white)Tj ( )Tj (teachers had lower )Tj ET endstream endobj 15 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 16 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm ( )Tj 23.78 0 Td ( )Tj 23.272 0 Td (8)Tj 0.508 0 Td ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 72.5199 708.36 Tm (odds)Tj ( )Tj (of being rated attentive than )Tj 13.607 0 Td (white)Tj ( )Tj (students. In contrast, Asian students had higher odds of )Tj -13.607 -2.3 Td (being rated hard working, atte)Tj (ntive, and not disruptive than )Tj (white)Tj ( )Tj (students. In terms of s)Tj (cholastic )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (ability, relative to )Tj (whit)Tj (e)Tj ( )Tj (students, the authors found that in t)Tj (hree of four outcome measures, )Tj (white)Tj ( )Tj T* (teachers rated )Tj (black)Tj ( )Tj (students as having lower scholastic aptitude and rated Asian students as\ )Tj T* (having higher aptitude.)Tj ( )Tj (Using panel )Tj (data from the National Education Longitudinal )Tj 33.547 0 Td (Study of )Tj -33.547 -2.3 Td (1988)Tj (, Dee \(2005\) )Tj (found that the odds that a teacher will report a student as inattentive \ are 33% )Tj T* (higher when the teacher and student do not share a common race/ethnicity\ . Similarly, the odds )Tj T* (that a teacher will report a student as rarely completi)Tj 21.019 0 Td (ng homework are 22% higher when the )Tj -21.019 -2.3 Td (teacher and student do not share a racial/ethnic designation. )Tj 24.102 0 Td (Finally, )Tj (Casteel \(1998\) examined the )Tj -24.102 -2.3 Td (interactions between students and teachers and found that )Tj 23.271 0 Td (black)Tj ( )Tj (students were not treated as )Tj -23.271 -2.3 Td (favora)Tj (bly by their teachers )Tj (as their )Tj (white)Tj ( )Tj (counterparts. )Tj ( )Tj ( )Tj 3 -3.14 Td (In this paper, we )Tj (make an important )Tj (contribut)Tj (ion)Tj ( )Tj (to the existing literature by )Tj (analyzing )Tj -3 -2.3 Td (student achievement outcomes using a large administrative dataset of stu\ dent)Tj 30.853 0 Td (-)Tj (level data provided )Tj -30.853 -2.3 Td (by the Florida Department of Education.)Tj 16.218 0 Td ( )Tj (As is the case nationally, minority teachers are )Tj -16.218 -2.3 Td (underrepresented in Florida public schools. )Tj (The ratio of )Tj (white)Tj ( )Tj (students to )Tj (white)Tj ( )Tj (teachers is much )Tj T* (smaller than the comparable statistics for )Tj 16.662 0 Td (black)Tj ( )Tj (and Hispanic students \(Table 1\). In the fall of )Tj -16.662 -2.3 Td (2002)Tj (, the f)Tj 4.305 0 Td (irst year in)Tj ( )Tj (our data)Tj (, ther)Tj (e were 10.8 )Tj (white)Tj ( )Tj (students per )Tj (white)Tj ( )Tj (teacher, compared to )Tj -4.305 -2.3 Td (26.5 )Tj (black)Tj ( )Tj (students per )Tj (black)Tj ( )Tj (teacher, 41.4 Hispanic/Latino students per Hispanic/Latino teacher, )Tj 0 -2.28 TD (and 47.1 Asian students per Asian teacher. )Tj ( )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf 12.318 -3.14 Td <0001>Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (TABLE ONE ABOUT HERE )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf <0002>Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj -12.318 -3.18 Td ( )Tj 3 0 Td (Our)Tj ( )Tj (dataset)Tj ( )Tj (allows us to)Tj ( )Tj (follow a substantially large number of students )Tj (in elementary )Tj -3 -2.3 Td (through high school grades )Tj (over a period of seven years)Tj (,)Tj ( )Tj (allow)Tj (ing)Tj ( )Tj (us to estimate how the same )Tj ET endstream endobj 17 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 18 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm ( )Tj 23.78 0 Td ( )Tj 23.272 0 Td (9)Tj 0.508 0 Td ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 72.5199 708.36 Tm (students fare when assigned to a teacher of similar race)Tj 22.075 0 Td (/ethnicity)Tj ( )Tj (as they pro)Tj (ceed through grades )Tj -22.075 -2.3 Td (three through ten)Tj (, tracking changes in achievement at the individual level)Tj 29.351 0 Td (. )Tj (This allows us to)Tj ( )Tj -29.351 -2.3 Td (examine whether the academic performance of students whose teachers\222 \ racial/ethnic )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (background does not match their own is significantly different from when\ those students are )Tj T* (assigned to teachers that share a )Tj (common racial/ethnic background)Tj 26.712 0 Td (, ceteris parib)Tj (us.)Tj ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf -26.712 -3.14 Td (3. )Tj (Data)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 108.52 534.12 416.88 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 108.5199 522.84 Tm (The student)Tj (-)Tj (level dataset )Tj (we use )Tj (contains observable characteristics for the universe of )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 506.52 464.64 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 495.24 Tm (test)Tj (-)Tj (taking Florida public school students in grades three through ten for ea\ ch year from 2001)Tj 37.38 0 Td (-)Tj (02 )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 478.92 438.96 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 467.64 Tm (through 2008)Tj (-)Tj (09. In addition to student demographic infor)Tj 23.385 0 Td (mation, the dataset includes each )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 451.32 459.12 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 440.04 Tm (student\222s test scores on the math and reading portions of )Tj (the state)Tj (-)Tj (mandated standardized exam, )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 423.72 262.56 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 412.44 Tm (the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test \(FCAT\).)Tj 7.92 0 0 7.92 331.24 417.96 Tm (9)Tj 12 0 0 12 335.1527 412.44 Tm ( )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 108.52 386.04 407.28 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 108.5199 374.76 Tm (A unique student identifier allows us to track students as they progress\ )Tj 28.495 0 Td (from grade to )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 358.44 426 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 347.16 Tm (grade)Tj ( )Tj (and a classroom identifier allows us to )Tj (link)Tj ( )Tj (students)Tj ( )Tj (to teachers through a complex )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 330.84 127.2 -13.92 re f 472.84 330.84 14.64 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 319.56 Tm (matching algorithm.)Tj ( )Tj (Over )Tj (2.9 million students linked to more than 92,000 teachers )Tj 33.354 0 Td (are )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 303.24 443.52 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 291.96 Tm (represented in the dataset.)Tj ( )Tj (The)Tj ( )Tj (teacher/student)Tj ( )Tj (matching process i)Tj (s possible because the data )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 275.64 452.88 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 264.36 Tm (include a unique identifier for each specific class \(ie. A grouping of \ students being taught by a )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf 10.8 0 0 10.8 72.52 224.76 Tm <0001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001>Tj 8.889 0 Td <00010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001>Tj 4.444 0 Td <0001>Tj ET 72.52 226.68 144 0.72 re f BT /C2_0 1 Tf 6.96 0 0 6.96 72.52 215.64 Tm <0007>Tj 10.8 0 0 10.8 76.0678 210.6 Tm <0001>Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 78.5546 210.6 Tm (The Florida Department of Education publishes comprehensive information \ including technical )Tj -0.503 -1.18 Td (reports, frequently asked questions, and an )Tj (overview of the Florida Comprehensive Assessment )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (Test \(FCAT\) on their website \(www.fldoe.org\). A 2011 report by the N\ ational Center for )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (Education Statistics that mapped individual state assessments on the Nat\ ional Assessment of )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (Educational Progress \(NAEP\) )Tj (scale, categorized Florida\222s reading and math tests as having )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (similar proficiency standards as 13 other states at grade 4 and 28 other\ states at grade 8 )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (\(Bandeira de Mello, 2011\). The FCAT math and reading results have also\ been shown to be )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (highly correlat)Tj (ed with results from a standardized, nationally normed test, the Stanfor\ d 9, which )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (suggests that studies using FCAT data can be reliably generalized to oth\ er states \(Greene, )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (Winters, )Tj (and)Tj ( )Tj (Forster, 2004\).)Tj ( )Tj ET endstream endobj 19 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 20 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm ( )Tj 23.78 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 22.764 0 Td (10)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 719.64 440.4 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 708.36 Tm (particular teacher in a given year\) that appears in both the student an\ d teacher datasets. This )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 692.04 434.88 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 680.76 Tm (allows us to match students to par)Tj (ticular teachers and classrooms over time. Moreover, the )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 664.44 462.96 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 653.16 Tm (dataset includes a unique identifier for the course number of a class)Tj 26.964 0 Td ( )Tj (that allows us)Tj ( )Tj (to identify the )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 636.84 63.36 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 625.56 Tm (class subject. )Tj ( )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 599.16 461.52 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 587.88 Tm ( )Tj 3 0 Td (One challenge )Tj (of )Tj (the matching process is that students are )Tj (occasionally )Tj (assigned )Tj (to more )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 571.56 432.96 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 560.28 Tm (than one classroom and/or more than one teacher for a given academic sub\ ject. This)Tj 33.599 0 Td ( )Tj (could)Tj ( )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 543.96 456.96 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 532.6801 Tm (complicate our analysis because the unit of observation must be a single\ child)Tj 31.103 0 Td (-)Tj (year observation )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 516.36 431.76 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 505.08 Tm (and his/her pairing with a single teacher for each )Tj 19.743 0 Td (subject per )Tj (year. As such, in creating the )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 488.76 445.2 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 477.48 Tm (merged dataset to run our analysis, we credit only one teacher as respon\ sible for each child\222s )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 461.16 461.28 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 449.88 Tm (academic growth in math or reading.)Tj 14.717 0 Td ( )Tj (This is easily addressed at the elementary level, where)Tj 21.992 0 Td ( )Tj (i)Tj (t is )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 433.56 463.92 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 422.28 Tm (typical)Tj (ly the case that the chil)Tj (d\222s )Tj (main classroom )Tj (teacher is primarily responsible for that child\222s )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 405.96 465.6 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 394.68 Tm (math and reading achievement. In the case of middle and high school, )Tj 28.213 0 Td (we have to employ a more )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 378.36 449.28 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 367.08 Tm (complex)Tj ( )Tj (matching process )Tj (in order to )Tj (arrive at a single student)Tj (-)Tj (year observation matched to a)Tj ( )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 350.76 152.88 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 339.48 Tm (single teacher)Tj (-)Tj (year obse)Tj (rvation.)Tj ( )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 313.32 457.92 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 302.04 Tm ( )Tj ( )Tj 3 0 Td (W)Tj (e)Tj ( )Tj (first match students to teachers using the classroom identifier present \ in both sets of )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 285.72 426.48 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 274.44 Tm (data files. )Tj (This results in multiple student/teacher matches but most of these occur\ across )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 258.12 41.76 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 246.84 Tm (subjects )Tj (\(e.g., a student is matched to a biology teacher and also a math teache\ r\). Multiple )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 253.72 230.52 266.16 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 219.24 Tm (matches within subjects rarely occur. )Tj 15.106 0 Td (We)Tj ( )Tj (then )Tj (employ a series of screening rules to eliminate )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 202.92 415.44 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 191.64 Tm (multiple )Tj (student)Tj (-)Tj (teacher)Tj (-)Tj (year match)Tj (es)Tj ( )Tj (so that students are matched to the teac)Tj (her most )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 175.32 465.12 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 164.04 Tm (responsible for that student\222s score in a particular subject)Tj 22.827 0 Td (. Similar screens were recently imposed )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 147.72 428.88 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 136.44 Tm (in another paper using these Florida data \()Tj 16.856 0 Td (Winters et al., 2013)Tj (\).)Tj ( )Tj (The first screen)Tj ( )Tj (identifies )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 120.12 441.12 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 108.84 Tm (students enrolled in a general class \(i.e. a class designated as \223Th\ ird Grade\224\). )Tj 31.1 0 Td (For grades six )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 92.52 459.12 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 81.24 Tm (through ten we start at )Tj (the second screen)Tj (. This involve)Tj (s )Tj (matching students to teachers in classes )Tj ET endstream endobj 21 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 22 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm ( )Tj 23.78 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 22.764 0 Td (11)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 719.64 464.88 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 708.36 Tm (aligned with the particular subject that )Tj 15.606 0 Td (i)Tj (s under c)Tj (onsideration, either math o)Tj (r reading. In )Tj (the third )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 692.04 376.08 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 680.76 Tm (screen)Tj (, we exclude )Tj (any matches where the teacher i)Tj (s)Tj ( )Tj (classified as \223part time)Tj (\224.)Tj ( )Tj (Part time teachers )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (in Florida typically serve as aides to the main teacher, handle special \ instructional interventions, )Tj T* (or are)Tj ( )Tj (filling in temporarily while the classroom teachers is on some form of l\ eave. By excluding )Tj T* (them, we ensure that our matching process comes as close as possible to \ aligning students with )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 440.44 581.64 64.56 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 570.36 Tm (teachers who are primarily responsible for their education in a given)Tj 27.324 0 Td ( )Tj (subject.)Tj ( )Tj (Through this )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 554.04 432.48 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 542.76 Tm (screening process, over 9)Tj (6)Tj (% o)Tj (f students were successfully matched to teachers)Tj 31.573 0 Td (. The small )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 526.44 463.92 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 515.16 Tm (number of s)Tj (tudents who could not be reliably matched to a single teacher were dropp\ ed from the )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 498.84 289.44 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 487.56 Tm (dataset.)Tj ( )Tj (Table 2 demonstrates match success rates, by grade)Tj (. )Tj ( )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 229.72 461.4 153.6 -14.16 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /C2_0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 229.6713 449.88 Tm <0001>Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (TABLE )Tj (2)Tj ( )Tj (ABOUT HERE )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf <0002>Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf -13.096 -3.16 Td (4.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (Empirical strategy)Tj ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3 -3.14 Td (We use)Tj ( )Tj (student fixed effects to )Tj (estimate the relationship between student)Tj (/teacher race)Tj (-)Tj -3 -2.3 Td (matching)Tj ( )Tj (and student achievement. This procedure)Tj ( )Tj (eliminates potentially biasing unobservable )Tj T* (student characteristics )Tj (by estimating the coefficients within, rather than between students)Tj 35.628 0 Td (. We )Tj -35.628 -2.3 Td (estimate models taking the form:)Tj ( )Tj 9.84 0 0 9.84 233.4887 291.48 Tm ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 108.5199 253.8 Tm ( )Tj ET 0.976 0.969 0.957 scn 432.52 227.64 5.04 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 216.36 Tm (\(i\))Tj /TT2 1 Tf ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3 0 Td (Y)Tj 0.003 Tc -0.003 Tw 7.92 0 0 7.92 117.1859 214.92 Tm (ij)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw (k)Tj 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 1.067 0 Td [(s)-2(t )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 12 0 0 12 132.9711 216.36 Tm (= )Tj /C2_1 1 Tf <0004>Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.92 0 0 7.92 148.8441 214.92 Tm (0)Tj 12 0 0 12 152.8441 216.36 Tm ( )Tj (+ )Tj /C2_1 1 Tf <0004>Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.92 0 0 7.92 171.7172 214.92 Tm (1)Tj 0.505 0 Td ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 177.7172 216.36 Tm (Z)Tj 7.92 0 0 7.92 185.0473 214.92 Tm (i)Tj 0.281 0 Td (j)Tj 0.281 0 Td (k)Tj 0.004 Tc -0.004 Tw 0.505 0 Td (st)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 12 0 0 12 198.8324 216.36 Tm ( )Tj (+ )Tj /C2_1 1 Tf <0004>Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.92 0 0 7.92 217.7055 214.92 Tm (2)Tj 0.505 0 Td ( )Tj /TT3 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 223.7055 216.36 Tm (Race)Tj (Match)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.92 0 0 7.92 278.3441 214.92 Tm ( )Tj 0.003 Tc -0.003 Tw 0.253 0 Td (ij)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw (k)Tj 0.004 Tc -0.004 Tw 1.067 0 Td (st)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 12 0 0 12 294.1293 216.36 Tm ( )Tj (+ )Tj /C2_1 1 Tf <0004>Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.92 0 0 7.92 313.0023 214.92 Tm (3)Tj 0.505 0 Td ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 319.0023 216.36 Tm (X)Tj 0.004 Tc -0.004 Tw 7.92 0 0 7.92 327.6684 214.92 Tm (st)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 12 0 0 12 333.0043 216.36 Tm ( )Tj (+ )Tj /C2_1 1 Tf <0006>Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.92 0 0 7.92 352.0883 214.92 Tm (t)Tj 12 0 0 12 354.3109 216.36 Tm ( )Tj (+ )Tj /C2_1 1 Tf <0001>Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.92 0 0 7.92 373.3656 214.92 Tm (i)Tj 12 0 0 12 375.5883 216.36 Tm ( )Tj (+ )Tj /C2_1 1 Tf <0005>Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.92 0 0 7.92 393.6586 214.92 Tm (i)Tj 0.281 0 Td (t)Tj 12 0 0 12 398.1039 216.36 Tm ( )Tj (+ )Tj /C2_1 1 Tf <0003>Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.92 0 0 7.92 415.6938 214.92 Tm (k)Tj 12 0 0 12 419.6937 216.36 Tm ( )Tj (+)Tj ( )Tj /C2_1 1 Tf <0002>Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.003 Tc -0.003 Tw 7.92 0 0 7.92 437.5004 214.92 Tm (ij)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw (k)Tj 0.004 Tc -0.004 Tw 1.067 0 Td (st)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 9.36 0 0 9.36 451.2856 214.44 Tm ( )Tj 0.254 0 Td ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 456.0355 216.36 Tm ( )Tj -31.96 -3.14 Td (Where Y)Tj 0.003 Tc -0.003 Tw 7.92 0 0 7.92 116.1606 177.24 Tm (ij)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw (k)Tj 0.004 Tc -0.004 Tw 1.067 0 Td (st)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 12 0 0 12 129.9457 178.68 Tm ( )Tj (is the test score of student )Tj /TT3 1 Tf (i)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (, assigned to teacher)Tj ( )Tj /TT3 1 Tf (j)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (, in)Tj ( )Tj (course )Tj /TT3 1 Tf (k)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (, and)Tj ( )Tj (school )Tj /TT3 1 Tf (s)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (, during )Tj -4.785 -2.3 Td (year )Tj /TT3 1 Tf (t)Tj (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (Z is a vector of teacher characteristics including the years of experien\ ce, years of )Tj T* (experience squared)Tj ( )Tj (\(to allow for non)Tj (-)Tj (linear effects of teaching experience on student )Tj T* (achievement\))Tj (,)Tj ( )Tj (teacher race,)Tj ( )Tj (and )Tj (teacher gender. )Tj (In some models, we also control for unobserved )Tj ET endstream endobj 23 0 obj <>stream H\V tT7 IDȖd$P!  `"BpX E," 4PhUh˪ Ud^ {{w3ճ%pW;ObjN*h#탙Y:c4skɏ@T=3SS.a4ӏ1M?:_=*k4~ͨ,!я2mմǏff*DSN/W;0B /6~ئF?n$()+\r%[ijzEx {Vo1␃mFqy *7Rو>݁f}p])\~Vqm$WaFc&h1ךױ mD  ?/a3ӆ(KX9Y!3pAApw?Pl+xRs]b*.ɍU? ^ܤ4TFTG/fjStU iq]Y2a2GYPWٮ= 43yXٿ\! y\""(A#M h F9)Dп`$=t1[<#6mN(de,U\p@^T>gWzuj??=z\MF"߻nL0{O"wJY4;3,N>O[hW(}t9]眣DPbYb g'ir,ZΗ!OK3+ݕJTF(SvrEW*l+lMgퟆyy:\*֊~J8)N3kc=:BT!9h+Z\3]1^l|o1sPs7^a7c*~/9Hy cD+7w)e 첫ٝ|z/ jsq\ܭ^peO(! ~}pz3w_${8=-)1!>kl:w!nS)in=׫)^CIGLh = 1+~CԴ5]94]me"3=MsќkM41H3>G1p/ jn#w^Yaw z?<= F0fU E!DĹ7EqRF6+C&}%Ƹ|;'(JO3(Xj@nttT cز {(VnUUZCڱL:#K$!}EVNNc-2$;W$r":m^zɹ@.^M5^hbyǠR*jϯ-wftЇe^>ĀC$@GwC"_N.}KK_ө ۑȨ{]Y [ب%+#qC+85 ^d5[%|"Flo fŷ 59F7_~cK n8Fj5"l>S1+DOO$t*F㸷}u\ʄ$Fk>"Cx-ɱ; d]sΓk񪍍83`llr=|&lCN;pG]U H)Ra&Q*і5G5ޫ5 ٍqSڔJIPJ{}fXUvyw}wg&x7x3ں3 6յd򖱬9-Xb>IDȼ^b89ER\2Rxjxz72S ~JV&%jaх[2,aX*S]; Đjv OA g82>CÔ5sv ųsV|膇[CjppC'4<`o l齟8VBs`$1kT'S]iQܛȌW"ġG^ƽ */ş4,I]D!%'Q2`1c9l&|ߘG5Q^D_w,!({4}O[DET4}ƿ>۬?Wwq`+%=)׮HUf\rA,)-YsHW# y{ :0L': F9%*xuWbdn9@" d #(<9"I0RP}cg)[ojfVoӞ\oHغjK1¢t+y'AH~EܔbvAZA IμGJ TbqKMK,* Y*s;>.-Ɵa1` '?fl9d0 LWypC!qH 0>'!0>݀u`nM #Z7p(ob7BFEQ HIfIŒ̍{}UʅZ.1'P88a]uKe@e;uЀ@fLtcf$Ľ8b~#;-m,{ ($q:ht /%J.^̦0w d =dSܭd 3B.Dۧhf$EiXhis?Dٗaq <G`qٽ=w؏QYԶ?Gո,,,%v䎃3v^VKTBmTHA o.Gz/:LN/(nʨ>Kש>DTJk5j*/ӍY3DM DII+\WdMlgfGhi4FfЀ y 8GtCM@pb8#C A=~OԳISwrVK^|KbM|Q/HAe#⥼1+WYG7 Cב!Q~e?{ :fیV.ѥքrg3`Yj9&wk,+B]Ru_>+'8o*ǸPoS5VEv*^߯hChsBiR6ڬx e-j v_t m+jw}sv]s-KdT^"ʲ2iQR.w%!l^H GYcbM$կ YE5JR$Օ0)˕fFSqJf5)NqI?MJO/f2{xCk7/vq.ՙ6~Z1bȕgRiަ7[WHol~1ɤ,]Jo%x2f#ym^ pA9(U$++T%C3T~3'Nfg֫s((~?(Lj_P1AR~@9-zĆ`"ن@7?lZ^̑=eޯ)4?A#L:p77㤻+=ޭ &%ԗd:.w<zW[#µ<}ڴ69ޑI"Y f^F cKحJ㨷$0Z_!S<nw>ձ!軶ٳ͇ DP(hdf+ـ89 1J;rA͌r% őCEA ؖUő@3j3̀:[[gKJ,hX@iNbX(!V ` endstream endobj 24 0 obj <>stream h, 0EeLSJ*EEEqP郘=r\AcuI\~˺~87z(=/eW=0lGaӌwN]mm }u/W`$JB endstream endobj 25 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 26 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm ( )Tj 23.78 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 22.764 0 Td (12)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 72.5199 708.36 Tm (differences in teacher quality by including an estimate of teachers\222 \ value)Tj 29.044 0 Td (-)Tj (added.)Tj ( )Tj (We estimate)Tj ( )Tj -29.044 -2.3 Td (teacher value)Tj (-)Tj (added )Tj (using a two)Tj (-)Tj (stage average residual approach, which has been widely used in )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (the literature \(see for example, Chetty, Friedman, )Tj 19.993 0 Td (and)Tj ( )Tj (Rockoff, 201)Tj (4)Tj (; Kane )Tj (and)Tj ( )Tj (Staiger, 2008\). )Tj -19.993 -2.3 Td (In )Tj (the first stage)Tj (, we remove the effects of student and school)Tj (-)Tj (level demographic control )Tj T* (variables from current)Tj (-)Tj (year student scores. These control variables are student gender, free)Tj 36.291 0 Td (-)Tj (lunch )Tj -36.291 -2.3 Td (status, race, language proficiency, and prior)Tj 17.493 0 Td (-)Tj (year test scores. We also include schoo)Tj (l)Tj (-)Tj (level )Tj -17.493 -2.3 Td (averages for each of these variables. We fit linear models to predict th\ e scores from these control )Tj T* (variables and retain the residuals from these models. )Tj 21.244 0 Td (The second stage)Tj ( )Tj (then estimates teacher)Tj (-)Tj -21.244 -2.3 Td (specific value)Tj (-)Tj (added scores as the average of the stag)Tj (e )Tj (one)Tj ( )Tj (residuals, producing separate teacher )Tj T* (quality estimates for math and reading.)Tj 15.607 0 Td ( )Tj (As a result, we are able to isolate the additional effect of )Tj -15.607 -2.3 Td (an own)Tj (-)Tj (race match between teachers and students, controlling for the average ef\ fect of teacher )Tj T* (quality, as well)Tj ( )Tj (as the average effect of teachers\222 race, experience, and gender.)Tj 31.373 0 Td ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf -28.373 -3.14 Td (RaceMatch)Tj ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf (is an indicator variable that equals one if there is a match between the\ student )Tj -3 -2.3 Td (and teacher\222s race)Tj (/ethnicity)Tj (.)Tj ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (X )Tj /TT0 1 Tf (is a vector of school)Tj (-)Tj (level characteristics including )Tj 32.931 0 Td (the )Tj (percent o)Tj 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw [(f)1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw -32.931 -2.3 Td (students in a school that belong to each race)Tj (/ethnicity)Tj (, school)Tj (-)Tj (level poverty)Tj ( )Tj (\(measured by the )Tj T* [(proportion of students that qualify for the federal f)-1(ree and re)]TJ 24.104 0 Td (duced price lunch program\), and )Tj -24.104 -2.3 Td (a)Tj (verage school)Tj (-)Tj (level performance in math or reading)Tj 21.157 0 Td (.)Tj ( )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf <0006>Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (is a fixed effect for school year; )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf <0001>Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( is a )Tj -21.157 -2.3 Td (student fixed effect; )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf <0005>Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( is a grade)Tj (-)Tj (level fixed effect)Tj (; )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf <0003>Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (\(included in some models\) )Tj (is a fixed effect )Tj ET 0.976 0.969 0.957 scn 362.44 213 5.04 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 201.72 Tm (for the specific course a student is taking \(eg. Algebra\))Tj 21.937 0 Td (;)Tj ( )Tj (and )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf <0002>Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (is a stochastic error term clustered )Tj -21.937 -2.3 Td (at the )Tj (cla)Tj (ssroom)Tj ( )Tj (level. )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf <0004>Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.92 0 0 7.92 188.9223 172.68 Tm (2)Tj 0.505 0 Td ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 194.9223 174.12 Tm (is the parameter of interest.)Tj ( )Tj ( )Tj -7.2 -3.14 Td (The coefficient associated with )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 12.718 0 Td (Race)Tj (Match)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (is generated from the variation within a given )Tj -15.718 -2.3 Td (student, over time. In some years, )Tj (a student )Tj (experiences a race match with his)Tj 31.045 0 Td (/her)Tj ( )Tj (teacher, )Tj -31.045 -2.3 Td (whereas in other years )Tj (the student )Tj (does not. The )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf <0004>Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.92 0 0 7.92 312.5551 79.8 Tm (2)Tj 12 0 0 12 316.5551 81.24 Tm ( )Tj (coefficient, therefore, is an estimate of the )Tj ET endstream endobj 27 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 28 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm ( )Tj 23.78 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 22.764 0 Td (13)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 72.5199 708.36 Tm (change in math or reading achievement associated with a teacher/student \ race match and is )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (informed by students who have experienced both conditions)Tj 24.078 0 Td (\227)Tj (sharing a race with the teacher )Tj -24.078 -2.3 Td (c)Tj (ompared to not sharing a race with the teacher)Tj 18.936 0 Td (\227)Tj (with the student serving as his)Tj (/her)Tj ( )Tj (own )Tj -18.936 -2.3 Td (counterfactual. )Tj (It should be noted that the variable )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 20.354 0 Td (R)Tj (ace)Tj (Match)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (is constant for 59)Tj ( )Tj (percent)Tj ( )Tj (of )Tj -20.354 -2.3 Td (students, meaning those students )Tj (either )Tj (always had a same)Tj (-)Tj (race teacher or ne)Tj (ver had a same)Tj (-)Tj (race )Tj T* (teacher. Such students )Tj (do not contribute to the estimation of )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf <0004>Tj /TT0 1 Tf 7.92 0 0 7.92 369.5668 568.92 Tm (2)Tj 12 0 0 12 373.5668 570.36 Tm (. )Tj ( )Tj -22.087 -3.14 Td (When we analyze the effects of race matching for each race/ethnicity sep\ arately, we )Tj -3 -2.3 Td (replace )Tj (the binary )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (RaceMatch)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (indicator )Tj (with a )Tj (vector)Tj ( )Tj (of indicator variables for each )Tj T* (student/teacher)Tj ( )Tj (match)Tj ( )Tj (\(ie. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (white)Tj ( )Tj (s)Tj (tudent/ )Tj (white)Tj ( )Tj (t)Tj (eacher, )Tj (black)Tj ( )Tj (s)Tj (tudent/)Tj (black)Tj ( )Tj (t)Tj (eacher, )Tj /TT0 1 Tf (etc\))Tj /TT1 1 Tf (.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj T* (Becau)Tj (se )Tj (estimates using )Tj (student)Tj (-)Tj (fixed effects )Tj (are generated )Tj (within individuals)Tj (, the omitted )Tj T* (category for each )Tj (racial pair)Tj (ing)Tj ( )Tj (is the group of students of that same race/ethnicity wh)Tj 34.377 0 Td (en they)Tj ( )Tj (are )Tj -34.377 -2.3 Td (not matched to a race)Tj (-)Tj (congruent teacher)Tj (.)Tj ( )Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0 -3.12 TD (5. Results)Tj ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3 -3.14 Td (We first perform an analysis)Tj ( )Tj (over the full)Tj ( )Tj (sample, testing for the aggregate effect of any )Tj -3 -2.3 Td (own)Tj (-)Tj (race)Tj (/ethnicity)Tj ( )Tj (matching in grades three through ten)Tj ( )Tj (\(Table )Tj (3)Tj (\))Tj (. Using this)Tj ( )Tj (approach)Tj (, we)Tj ( )Tj (find)Tj ( )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (small, positive effects in both reading and math)Tj 18.996 0 Td (. )Tj ( )Tj -15.996 -3.14 Td (Table 3 presents the results of three separate models)Tj 20.882 0 Td (.)Tj ( )Tj (For ease of interpretation, all test )Tj -23.882 -2.3 Td (scores have been standardized within grade by year to have a mean of zer\ o and a standard )Tj 0 -2.28 TD (deviation of one. )Tj (The first panel relies upon student fixed effects for identification, in\ corporating )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (all of the control variables)Tj 10.497 0 Td ( )Tj (outlined in \(i\))Tj ( )Tj (except for )Tj (average )Tj (teacher quality )Tj (and fixed effects)Tj ( )Tj (for )Tj -10.497 -2.3 Td (course type)Tj (.)Tj ( )Tj (The second)Tj ( )Tj (panel presents our preferred model, which )Tj (adds )Tj (the teacher quality )Tj T* (control)Tj ( )Tj (to account for any systematic differences in teacher quality that might \ be associat)Tj 35.627 0 Td (ed with )Tj ET endstream endobj 29 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 30 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm ( )Tj 23.78 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 22.764 0 Td (14)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 72.5199 708.36 Tm (our variable of interest)Tj (. We find significant positive )Tj (impacts )Tj (of .00)Tj (1)Tj ( )Tj (SD)Tj ( )Tj (in reading)Tj ( )Tj (and.008 SD in )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (math)Tj ( )Tj (in grades 3)Tj (-)Tj (10. Breaking these results apart by grade level, we find sign)Tj 30.908 0 Td (ificant positive )Tj -30.908 -2.3 Td (impacts of .005)Tj ( )Tj (SD in reading and .01)Tj (3)Tj ( )Tj (SD in math in t)Tj (he elementary grades and a significant )Tj T* (positive impact of .002 SD in math in the middle/high school grades)Tj 27.33 0 Td (. )Tj (To test the possibil)Tj (ity that )Tj -27.33 -2.3 Td (differences)Tj ( )Tj (in teacher quality might be )Tj (driven by unobservable characteristics related to student )Tj T* (and teacher sorting i)Tj (nto )Tj (different subjects, t)Tj (he third panel)Tj ( )Tj (incorporates course fixed effects \(eg. )Tj T* (Algebra)Tj (, Geometry)Tj (\), which allows us to compare student/teacher race matching effects wit\ hin )Tj T* (specific courses)Tj (.)Tj ( )Tj (This approach further reduces the potential for systematic variation in \ teacher )Tj T* (quality that could potentially bias the results by estimating own)Tj 25.357 0 Td (-)Tj (race matches within similar )Tj -25.357 -2.3 Td (courses. The coefficient on )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (Race)Tj (Match)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (continues to be positive and statistically )Tj 32.102 0 Td (significant in )Tj -32.102 -2.3 Td (both subjects in grades three through ten under this specification.)Tj 26.05 0 Td ( )Tj (Results are generally larger in )Tj -26.05 -2.3 Td (elementary grades.)Tj ( )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf 13.096 -3.14 Td <0001>Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (TABLE )Tj (3)Tj ( )Tj (ABOUT HERE )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf <0002>Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj -10.096 -3.16 Td (In the next set of analyses, we)Tj ( )Tj (replace the overall )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (Race)Tj (Match )Tj /TT0 1 Tf (indicator with separate )Tj -3 -2.3 Td (indicator)Tj ( )Tj (variables for each )Tj (same)Tj 13.216 0 Td (-)Tj (race )Tj (student/teacher pair )Tj (in order to )Tj (estimate which )Tj (pairings )Tj (are )Tj -13.216 -2.3 Td (driving the results in the main specification. )Tj 17.83 0 Td ( )Tj -14.83 -3.14 Td (Table 4)Tj ( )Tj (reports )Tj (separate )Tj (estimates)Tj 13.55 0 Td ( )Tj (of race matching)Tj ( )Tj (on )Tj (the )Tj (reading achievement)Tj ( )Tj (of)Tj ( )Tj (black)Tj (, )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 202.12 219.96 78.24 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 208.68 Tm (white)Tj (, Hispanic, and Asian)Tj (/Pa)Tj (cific Islander)Tj ( )Tj (students. )Tj (For ease of exposition, the coefficients on )Tj T* (the control variables in this regression are not presented)Tj 22.326 0 Td ( )Tj (but th)Tj (ey are in the expected direction)Tj 15.077 0 Td (.)Tj 0.015 Tc -0.015 Tw 7.92 0 0 7.92 524.44 186.6 Tm (10)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 12 0 0 12 532.3597 181.08 Tm ( )Tj -38.32 -2.3 Td (As before, o)Tj (ur preferre)Tj (d model incorporates student fixed effects and)Tj 27.658 0 Td ( )Tj (a control for teacher )Tj /C2_1 1 Tf 10.8 0 0 10.8 72.52 116.04 Tm <0001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001>Tj 8.889 0 Td <00010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001>Tj 4.444 0 Td <0001>Tj ET 72.52 117.96 144 0.72 re f BT /C2_1 1 Tf 0.012 Tc -0.012 Tw 6.48 0 0 6.48 72.52 106.92 Tm [<0004>1<0003>]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 9.84 0 0 9.84 79.1088 101.88 Tm <0001>Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 81.3695 101.88 Tm (For example, teacher experience has a small, positi)Tj 20.409 0 Td (ve, significant effect on student )Tj -21.146 -1.16 Td (achievement; male teachers have)Tj 13.187 0 Td ( )Tj (a small, negative effect; and school)Tj (-)Tj (average test scores are )Tj -13.187 -1.16 Td (positively related to student achievement)Tj /C2_1 1 Tf 9.84 0 0 9.84 269.1254 74.04 Tm <0001>Tj ET endstream endobj 31 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 32 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm ( )Tj 23.78 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 22.764 0 Td (15)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 72.5199 708.36 Tm (quality)Tj ( )Tj (and is presented in the second panel of Table 4)Tj 21.771 0 Td (. )Tj (Overall, there is a statistically significant )Tj -21.771 -2.3 Td (positive )Tj (achievement )Tj (effect associated with race matching )Tj 23.519 0 Td (for )Tj (black)Tj ( )Tj (and )Tj (white)Tj ( )Tj (students )Tj (in )Tj -23.519 -2.3 Td (reading and )Tj (for )Tj (black)Tj (, )Tj (white)Tj (, and Asian)Tj (/Pacific Island)Tj ( )Tj (students )Tj (in math.)Tj ( )Tj ( )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf 13.096 -3.14 Td <0001>Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (TABLE 4 ABOUT HERE )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf <0002>Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj -10.096 -3.18 Td (For )Tj (black)Tj ( )Tj (students, the imp)Tj (acts are larger in math)Tj ( )Tj (\(.)Tj (019)Tj ( )Tj (SD\) than in )Tj (reading)Tj ( )Tj (\(.)Tj (004)Tj ( )Tj (SD\))Tj (.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -2.3 Td (This seems to be )Tj (primarily )Tj (driven by positive impacts in the elementary grades. For )Tj 33.687 0 Td (white)Tj ( )Tj -33.687 -2.3 Td (students, we )Tj (also )Tj (observe a positive, statistically significant effect in)Tj 27.355 0 Td ( )Tj (both )Tj (math)Tj ( )Tj (\(.007)Tj ( )Tj (SD\))Tj ( )Tj (and )Tj -27.355 -2.3 Td (reading \(.005SD\). )Tj (Breaking this apart by grade level, the math effect)Tj 27.463 0 Td ( )Tj (for )Tj (white)Tj ( )Tj (students )Tj (is)Tj ( )Tj (present )Tj -27.463 -2.3 Td (in the el)Tj (ementary )Tj (grades )Tj (but not in the midd)Tj (l)Tj (e/high school grades)Tj (. )Tj (We also o)Tj (bserve significant )Tj 0 -2.28 TD (positive impacts for Asian)Tj (/Pacific Island)Tj ( )Tj (students in math \(.0)Tj (41)Tj ( )Tj (SD\), which appears to be driven )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (by the positive effects of race)Tj (-)Tj (matching for Asian)Tj (/Pacific Island)Tj ( )Tj (students in )Tj (math in )Tj (the)Tj ( )Tj T* (middle/high school grades \(.0)Tj (53)Tj ( )Tj (SD\).)Tj ( )Tj 3 -3.14 Td (For Hispanic )Tj (students, the )Tj (overall )Tj (effects are)Tj ( )Tj (negative, with an )Tj (effect size )Tj (-)Tj (.011)Tj ( )Tj (SD in )Tj -3 -2.3 Td (reading)Tj ( )Tj (and)Tj ( )Tj (-)Tj (.007)Tj ( )Tj (SD in)Tj ( )Tj (math. )Tj (It is )Tj (important to note, however, )Tj (that there are data limitations that )Tj T* (weaken our ability to effectively code own)Tj 17.105 0 Td (-)Tj (race matches with regard to Hispanics. Florida not )Tj -17.105 -2.3 Td (only has a large Hispanic population, but also a particularly diverse Hi\ spanic population. For )Tj T* (example, 54% of Floridian Hisp)Tj (anics identify as having a Caribbean origin, 17% identify as )Tj T* (South American, 11% identify as Central American, and 15% identify as Me\ xican \(Pew )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 191.56 192.36 341.28 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 181.08 Tm (Research Center, 2010\). )Tj 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn (Moreover, these Floridian Hispanics vary considerably in the degree to )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 164.76 451.92 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 153.48 Tm (which they are fo)Tj (reign or native born. )Tj ( )Tj (For example, 57% of Mexican Hispanics in Florida are )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 137.16 460.56 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 125.88 Tm (native born, and 58% of Caribbean Hispanics are native born. )Tj 24.937 0 Td ( )Tj (At the other end of the spectrum, )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 109.56 445.2 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 98.28 Tm (only 33% and 29% of Central American and South American Hispanics in Flo\ rida are nat)Tj 35.88 0 Td (ive )Tj ET endstream endobj 33 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 34 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm ( )Tj 23.78 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 22.764 0 Td (16)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 719.64 460.8 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 708.36 Tm (born, respectively.)Tj ( )Tj (Unfortunately, the data do not allow us to determine how these various t\ ypes )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 692.04 449.52 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 680.76 Tm (of Hispanic students are matched to various types of Hispanic teachers.)Tj 28.52 0 Td ( )Tj (As a result, we would )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 664.44 462 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 653.16 Tm (advise readers to interpret the results for Hispanics in Flor)Tj 23.244 0 Td (ida with caution, as our assumption of )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 636.84 241.92 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 625.56 Tm (own)Tj (-)Tj (race matching in this case is especially weak.)Tj 0 0 0 scn 20.159 0 Td ( )Tj (As a result of the significant heterogeneity of )Tj -20.159 -2.3 Td (this ethnic group, it is questionable how accurate it is to broadly defi\ ne matches based solely on )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (the designation of )Tj (Hispanic.)Tj ( )Tj 0 -3.14 TD ( )Tj 3 0 Td (To assess whether students in a particular part of the performance distr\ ibution experience )Tj -3 -2.3 Td (a differential benefit from the match, we create annual performance indi\ cators that divide )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (students into performance tertiles, by subject. For each year, )Tj 24.382 0 Td (students in the bottom tertile of )Tj -24.382 -2.3 Td (math or reading achievement for their grade across the entire state that\ year receive a one for a )Tj T* (\223low)Tj (-)Tj (performing\224 indicator variable and a zero otherwise. We then lag this\ indicator and interact )Tj T* (it with the contemporaneou)Tj (s )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (RaceMatch)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj [(variable to assess if students at dif)-1(ferent points along )]TJ T* [(the prior year')-1(s performance distribution benef)-1(it differentially from the teacher/student race )]TJ T* (matching effect. This allows us to determine if the effect of race)Tj 25.659 0 Td (-)Tj (matching differentially e)Tj [(ffe)1(c)1(t)1(s )]TJ -25.659 -2.3 Td (students who were lower)Tj (-)Tj ( )Tj (performing in the previous year.)Tj ( )Tj 0 -3.12 TD ( )Tj 3 0 Td (Table )Tj (5)Tj ( )Tj (displays the results of teacher race/ethnicity matching on student readi\ ng and )Tj -3 -2.3 Td (math achievement with an interaction variable identifying race)Tj 25.073 0 Td (-)Tj (matched students who were )Tj -25.073 -2.3 Td (lower performi)Tj (ng in the prior year. Under this specification, lower)Tj 26.52 0 Td (-)Tj (performing students appear to )Tj -26.52 -2.3 Td (particularly benefit from being assigned to a race)Tj 19.632 0 Td (-)Tj (congruent teacher. In reading, the overall )Tj -19.632 -2.3 Td (match effect is insignificant while the interaction for low)Tj 22.772 0 Td (-)Tj (performing student)Tj (s has an effect size )Tj -22.772 -2.3 Td (of .006 SD, which is significant at )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (p)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (< .01. In math, the overall race)Tj (-)Tj (matching effect is .005 SD, )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (with an interaction effect of .007 SD. These results suggest that race)Tj 27.298 0 Td (-)Tj (matching may be )Tj -27.298 -2.3 Td (particularly beneficial for lower performing stud)Tj 19.411 0 Td (ents. )Tj ( )Tj ET endstream endobj 35 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 36 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm ( )Tj 23.78 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 22.764 0 Td (17)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 229.6713 708.36 Tm <0001>Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (TABLE )Tj (5)Tj ( )Tj (ABOUT HERE )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf <0002>Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj -10.096 -3.18 Td (We also look at the differential effect of race matching on low)Tj 24.908 0 Td (er)Tj (-)Tj (performing students, by )Tj -27.908 -2.3 Td (race. Table )Tj (6)Tj ( )Tj (shows that low)Tj (-)Tj (performing )Tj (white)Tj ( )Tj (students have a statistically significant interaction )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (effect size of .016 SD in reading and .014 SD in math. For )Tj (black)Tj ( )Tj (students, the interaction effect is )Tj T* (also significant in both reading \(.020 SD\) and math \(.027 SD\). There\ is no interaction effect for )Tj T* (As)Tj (ian)Tj (/Pacific Island)Tj ( )Tj (students, suggesting that the math impacts previously observed for this \ )Tj T* (group are not differentially related to prior performance. Finally, we a\ gain observe a statistically )Tj T* (significant negative effect of race)Tj (-)Tj (matching for Hispanic studen)Tj (ts, but only for those Hispanic )Tj T* (students who were low)Tj (-)Tj (performing in the prior year. )Tj ( )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf 13.096 -3.12 Td <0001>Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (TABLE )Tj (6)Tj ( )Tj (ABOUT HERE )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf <0002>Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf -13.096 -3.18 Td (6)Tj (. )Tj (Discussion)Tj ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 3 -3.14 Td (Overall, the results presented here indicate that assignment to an own)Tj 27.741 0 Td (-)Tj (race/ethnicity )Tj -30.741 -2.3 Td (teacher has positive and potentially policy relevant reading achievement\ impacts for )Tj 33.904 0 Td (black)Tj ( )Tj (and )Tj -33.904 -2.3 Td (white)Tj ( )Tj (students, and significant math achievement impacts for )Tj 24.744 0 Td (black)Tj (, )Tj (white)Tj (, )Tj (and Asian)Tj [(/Pacif)-1(ic )]TJ ET 1 1 1 scn 150.28 292.2 334.8 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 280.92 Tm (Island)Tj ( )Tj (students. )Tj (In gene)Tj (ral, the results for )Tj (black)Tj ( )Tj (and )Tj (white)Tj ( )Tj (students are strongest at the )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 264.6 437.52 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 253.32 Tm (elementary level whereas results for Asian)Tj 17.021 0 Td [(/Pacif)-1(ic)]TJ ( )Tj (students are strongest at the middle/high )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 237 63.6 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 225.72 Tm (school level. )Tj (We also examine the effects of race )Tj 19.825 0 Td [(matching by students')-1( prior performance level, )]TJ -19.825 -2.3 Td (finding that l)Tj (ower)Tj (-)Tj (performing )Tj (black)Tj ( )Tj (and )Tj (white)Tj ( )Tj (students appear to particularly benefit from being )Tj T* (assigned to a race)Tj (-)Tj (congruent teacher. )Tj (It is worth noting that although the positive effect sizes )Tj T* (observed here m)Tj (ight seem small, these estimates represent the achievement benefit from \ just one )Tj T* (year of assignment to an own)Tj (-)Tj (race/ethnicity teacher. Thus, the effect sizes reported are )Tj T* (statistically and, if compounded, also potentially policy significant.)Tj 26.884 0 Td ( )Tj ET endstream endobj 37 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 38 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm ( )Tj 23.78 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 22.764 0 Td (18)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 108.5199 708.36 Tm (There are a num)Tj (ber of limitations that apply to these results. First, although our data\ set is )Tj -3 -2.3 Td (large and Florida is geographically and ethnically diverse, more researc\ h is needed to determine )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (if these effects would be consistent in other locations, )Tj 21.718 0 Td (including)Tj ( )Tj (location)Tj (s out)Tj (side of the United )Tj -21.718 -2.3 Td (States, which has a unique history associated with race )Tj 22.161 0 Td (relations )Tj (in schools.)Tj ( )Tj ( )Tj -19.161 -3.32 Td (Second)Tj (, it could be the case that)Tj ( )Tj (some of )Tj (the positive effects of same race/ethnicity )Tj -3 -2.28 Td (matching we observe are not the effect of race)Tj 18.492 0 Td (-)Tj (matching but are indicative of systematic )Tj -18.492 -2.3 Td [(differences in teacher quality that vary by a teacher')-1(s race/ethnicity, which would be an )]TJ ET 1 1 1 scn 420.52 514.44 84.96 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 503.16 Tm (interesting finding but one with )Tj (a very different policy interpretation. In )Tj 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn 28.993 0 Td (the)Tj ( )Tj (Appendix, we )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 486.84 340.32 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 475.56 Tm (provide a test of this hypo)Tj (thesis, which )Tj (provides credible evidence that)Tj 0 0 0 scn ( )Tj (our primary results are )Tj T* (indicative of a race/ethnicity matching effect rather than systematic di\ fferences in teacher quality )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 152.92 431.64 383.28 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 420.36 Tm (by race/ethnicity)Tj 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn (. )Tj (Still, t)Tj (hough we control for the average effect of teacher race in our models, a\ s )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 404.04 464.88 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 392.76 Tm (well as incorporating a measu)Tj (re of average teacher quality)Tj 23.323 0 Td (, our results)Tj ( )Tj (should be interpreted with )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 376.44 448.56 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 365.16 Tm (caution.)Tj ( )Tj (Future research, especially additional experimental analyses, is needed.\ To date, Dee )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 348.84 421.92 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 337.56 Tm (\(2004\) has conducted the only experimental analysis on this topic. Our\ estimates are for )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 321.24 463.2 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 309.96 Tm (st)Tj (u)Tj (dent/teacher race)Tj (-)Tj (matching for )Tj (black)Tj ( )Tj (and )Tj (white)Tj ( )Tj (students at the elementary level are consistent )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 293.64 196.08 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 282.36 Tm (in directionality and size to his findings. )Tj 0 0 0 scn 16.331 0 Td (Future research could further confirm our findings using )Tj -16.331 -2.3 Td (experimental data in older grades and in more locations.)Tj 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn 22.464 0 Td ( )Tj 0 0 0 scn -20.964 -3.14 Td (Fu)Tj (rthermore, this study does not address the mechanisms by which own)Tj (-)Tj (race/ethnicity )Tj -1.5 -2.28 Td (teachers might influence students, either passively or actively. Further\ research in this area )Tj T* (should examine a broader range of outcomes and the potential mechanisms \ by whic)Tj 33.49 0 Td (h these )Tj -33.49 -2.3 Td (effects might occur. Still, in light of previous findings about elementa\ ry)Tj 28.718 0 Td (-)Tj (level achievement )Tj -28.718 -2.3 Td (benefits and previous findings about differential subjective evaluations\ and expectations for )Tj T* (minority students, the small but significant impacts on stude)Tj 24.081 0 Td (nt achievement presented here lend )Tj ET endstream endobj 39 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 40 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm ( )Tj 23.78 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 22.764 0 Td (19)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 72.5199 708.36 Tm (additional credence to the idea that increasing the amount of diversity \ within the teacher )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (workforce can have positive impacts on students\222 performance in the c\ lassroom.)Tj 32.129 0 Td ( )Tj -29.129 -3.14 Td (Finally)Tj (, it is not yet clear if policies like the M)Tj 18.58 0 Td (inority Teacher Education Scholarship)Tj 15.412 0 Td ( )Tj (in )Tj -36.992 -2.3 Td (Florida or similar policies, which increase the )Tj 18.55 0 Td (recruit)Tj (ment of)Tj 5.692 0 Td ( )Tj (minority teachers)Tj (, )Tj (can produce the )Tj -24.243 -2.3 Td (same positive effects that have been observed here. In our analysis, we \ estimate the effects using )Tj T* (the existing unive)Tj (rse of teachers in Florida, while also controlling for a variety of teac\ her )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (characteristics. As such, we find that given teachers of similar quality\ , students seem to benefit )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (from teachers who share their race/ethnicity. It is possible, however, t\ hat newly)Tj 31.768 0 Td ( )Tj (recruited )Tj -31.768 -2.3 Td (teachers will not be of similar quality. In general, it is unclear if po\ licies designed to actively )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (increase the presence of minority teachers will attract the kinds of tea\ chers that will reduce the )Tj T* (racial achievement gap. This will be an import)Tj 18.604 0 Td (ant area for future research. )Tj ( )Tj -15.604 -3.12 Td (Addressing the achievement gap between minority)Tj 20.299 0 Td ( )Tj (and )Tj (white)Tj ( )Tj (students is a significant )Tj -23.299 -2.3 Td (policy concern that has been the subject of much debate and efforts at r\ eform. In response to this )Tj T* (concern, aggressive recruit)Tj (ment)Tj ( )Tj (of )Tj (minority teachers is one policy lever that has been proposed )Tj T* (by leaders in the education field. Teachers of the same race)Tj 23.684 0 Td (/ethnicity)Tj ( )Tj (could theoretically narrow )Tj -23.684 -2.3 Td (the performance gap between students of different races)Tj 22.408 0 Td (/ ethnicities)Tj ( )Tj (by serving as high)Tj (-)Tj (quality, )Tj -22.408 -2.3 Td (academic role models or because they are more inclined to hold high expe\ ctations for a student\222s )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 120.52 230.52 13.44 -13.92 re f 136.84 230.52 371.28 -13.92 re f 511.24 230.52 18.72 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 219.24 Tm (potential. )Tj 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn (As)Tj ( )Tj (the proportion of minority students in American schools continues to gro\ w, it)Tj 36.301 0 Td ( )Tj (will )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 202.92 334.8 -13.92 re f 410.44 202.92 115.2 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 191.64 Tm (be increasingly important to address issues of teacher recruit)Tj 24.214 0 Td (ment and)Tj ( )Tj (representation and learn )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 175.32 190.32 -13.92 re f 265.72 175.32 69.6 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 164.04 Tm (more about the effects through rigorous)Tj 15.857 0 Td ( )Tj (investigations.)Tj 0 0 0 scn 9.84 0 0 9.84 335.4711 164.04 Tm ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 90.5199 124.44 Tm ( )Tj ET endstream endobj 41 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 42 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.012 Tc -0.008 Tw 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm [(R)1(E)2(P)3(R)1(E)2(S)3(E)2(NT)2(AT)2(I)6(ON I)6(N T)2(HE)2( C)1(L)2(AS)3(S)3(R)1(OOM)-3( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 19.648 0 Td ( )Tj 4.132 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 22.764 0 Td (20)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 278.5385 708.36 Tm (R)Tj (eferences)Tj ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf -17.168 -3.14 Td (Adair, A. V. \(1984\). )Tj /TT2 1 Tf (Desegregation: The i)Tj (llusion of )Tj (b)Tj (lack)Tj ( )Tj (p)Tj (rogress)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (. Lanham, MD: University )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (Press of America.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.12 Td (Bandeira de Mello, V. \(2011\). )Tj /TT2 1 Tf (Mapping state proficiency standards onto the NAEP Scales: )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (Variation and change in state standards for reading and mathematics, 200\ 5)Tj (-)Tj (2009)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (\(NCES )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (2011)Tj (-)Tj (458\). National Center for Education Statistics, )Tj 21.107 0 Td (Institute)Tj ( )Tj (of Education Sciences, U.S. )Tj -21.107 -2.3 Td (Department of Education. Washington DC: Government Printing Office. )Tj 29.383 0 Td ( )Tj -32.383 -3.14 Td (Baron, R. M., Tom, D., & Cooper, H. M. \(1985\). Social )Tj (c)Tj (lass, )Tj (r)Tj (ace, and )Tj (t)Tj (eacher )Tj (e)Tj (xpectations. In )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (J. Dusek \(Ed.\), )Tj /TT2 1 Tf (Teacher )Tj (e)Tj (xpectancies, )Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(pp. 251)Tj (-)Tj (270\). Hillsdale)Tj (, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum )Tj T* (Associates. )Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.14 Td [(Bettinger, E. P., & Long, B. T. \(2005\). Do faculty serve as role model\ s?)1( The impact of instructor )]TJ 3 -2.3 Td (gender on female students. )Tj /TT2 1 Tf (American Economic)Tj ( )Tj ( )Tj (Review)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (, )Tj (95)Tj (\(2\), 152)Tj (\226)Tj (157. )Tj T* (doi:10.1257/000282805774670149)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.12 Td (Cahnmann, M. S. &)Tj ( )Tj (Remillard, J. T. \(2002\). What c)Tj (ounts and )Tj (h)Tj (ow: Mathematics )Tj (t)Tj (eaching in )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (c)Tj (ulturally, )Tj (l)Tj (inguistically, and )Tj (s)Tj (ocioeconomically )Tj (d)Tj (iverse )Tj (u)Tj (rban )Tj (s)Tj (ettings. )Tj /TT2 1 Tf (The Urban )Tj T* (Review, )Tj /TT0 1 Tf (34\(3\),)Tj /TT2 1 Tf ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf (179)Tj (-)Tj (204.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.14 Td (Casteel, C.A. \(1998\). Teacher)Tj (-)Tj (s)Tj (tudent )Tj (i)Tj (nteractions and )Tj (race in i)Tj (ntegrated )Tj (c)Tj (lassrooms, )Tj /TT2 1 Tf (Journal of )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (Educational Research, )Tj /TT0 1 Tf (92, 115)Tj (-)Tj (120.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.12 Td (Chetty, R., Friedman, J.)Tj ( )Tj (N., & Rockoff, J.)Tj ( )Tj (E. \(201)Tj (4)Tj (\). )Tj (Measuring the impacts of teachers I: )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (Evaluating bias in teacher value)Tj (-)Tj (added estimates)Tj (. )Tj /TT2 1 Tf (American Economic Review,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (104\(9\): )Tj T* (2593)Tj (-)Tj (263)Tj (2. DOI: 10.1257/)Tj (aer.104.9.2593)Tj ( )Tj ET endstream endobj 43 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 44 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.012 Tc -0.008 Tw 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm [(R)1(E)2(P)3(R)1(E)2(S)3(E)2(NT)2(AT)2(I)6(ON I)6(N T)2(HE)2( C)1(L)2(AS)3(S)3(R)1(OOM)-3( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 19.648 0 Td ( )Tj 4.132 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 22.764 0 Td (21)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 72.5199 708.36 Tm (Clotfelter, C. T., Ladd, H. F., & Vigdor, J. L. \(2007\). How and Why do\ Teacher Credentials )Tj 3 -2.3 Td [(Matter for Student Achievement?)1( )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (NBER )Tj (Working Paper No. 12828)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (. Retrieved from )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (National Bureau of Economic Research website: )Tj 19.716 0 Td (http://www.nber.org/papers/w12828)Tj (.)Tj ( )Tj ET 345.16 651.24 174.72 0.24 re f BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 615.48 Tm (Crain, R. & Mahard, R. \(1978\). Desegregation and )Tj (b)Tj (lack )Tj (a)Tj (chievement: A )Tj (r)Tj (eview of the )Tj (r)Tj (esearch, )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3 -2.3 Td (Law and Contemporary Problems, )Tj /TT0 1 Tf (42, 17)Tj (-)Tj (56.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.12 Td (Darkenwald, G.)Tj ( )Tj (G. \(1975\). Some effect)Tj (s of the \221)Tj (o)Tj (bvious )Tj (v)Tj (ariable\222: Teacher\222s )Tj (r)Tj (ace and )Tj (h)Tj (olding )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (power with b)Tj (lack )Tj (a)Tj (dult )Tj (s)Tj (tudents. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (Sociology of Education)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (, 48, 420)Tj (-)Tj (431.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.14 Td (Dee, T. S. \(2004\). Teachers, )Tj (r)Tj (ace, and )Tj (s)Tj (tudent )Tj (a)Tj (chievement in a )Tj (r)Tj (andomized )Tj (e)Tj (xperiment. T)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (he )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (Review of Economics and Statistics)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 14.164 0 Td ( )Tj (86\(1\): 195)Tj (\226)Tj (210.)Tj ( )Tj -17.164 -3.14 Td (Dee, T. S. \(2005\). A )Tj (t)Tj (eacher )Tj (l)Tj (ike )Tj (m)Tj (e. Does )Tj (r)Tj (ace, )Tj (e)Tj (thnicity, or )Tj (g)Tj (ender )Tj (m)Tj [(atter?)1( )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (The American )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (Economic Review)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (95\(2\): 158)Tj (-)Tj (165.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.12 Td (Ehrenberg, R.)Tj ( )Tj (G. & Brewer, D. J. \(1995\). Did )Tj (t)Tj (eachers\222 )Tj (v)Tj (erbal )Tj (a)Tj (bility and )Tj (r)Tj (ace )Tj (m)Tj (atter in the )Tj 3 -2.3 Td [(1960s?)1( Coleman)]TJ ( )Tj (r)Tj (evisite)Tj (d. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (Economics of Education Review, )Tj /TT0 1 Tf (14 \(1\), 1)Tj (-)Tj (21.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.14 Td (Ehrenberg, R. G., Goldhaber, D. D. & Brewer, D. J. \(1995\). )Tj (Do )Tj (t)Tj [(eachers')-1( )]TJ (r)Tj (ace, )Tj (g)Tj (ender and )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (e)Tj (thnicity )Tj (m)Tj [(atter?)1( Evidence from the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988. )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf T* (Industrial and Labor Relations )Tj (Review)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (48\(3\): 547)Tj (-)Tj (561.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.14 Td (Erikson, E. H. \(1968\). )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (Identity, youth, and crisis)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (. )Tj (New York: Norton )Tj ( )Tj 0 -3.12 TD (Farkas, G., Grobe, R., Sheehan, D. & Shuan, Y. \(1990\). Cultural )Tj (r)Tj (esources and )Tj (s)Tj (chool )Tj (s)Tj (uccess: )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (Gender, )Tj (e)Tj (thnicity, and )Tj (p)Tj (overty )Tj (g)Tj (roups within an )Tj (u)Tj (rban )Tj (s)Tj (chool )Tj (d)Tj (istric)Tj (t. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (American )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (Sociological Review, )Tj /TT0 1 Tf (55, 127)Tj (-)Tj (142.)Tj ( )Tj ET endstream endobj 45 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 46 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.012 Tc -0.008 Tw 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm [(R)1(E)2(P)3(R)1(E)2(S)3(E)2(NT)2(AT)2(I)6(ON I)6(N T)2(HE)2( C)1(L)2(AS)3(S)3(R)1(OOM)-3( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 19.648 0 Td ( )Tj 4.132 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 22.764 0 Td (22)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 72.5199 708.36 Tm (Ferguson, R. F. \(1998\). Teachers\222 perceptions and expectations and \ the black)Tj 30.935 0 Td (-)Tj (white test score )Tj -27.935 -2.3 Td (gap. In C. Jencks & M. Phillips \(Eds.\), )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (The black)Tj (-)Tj (white test score gap)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (\(pp. 217)Tj (\226)Tj (317\). )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (Washington, D.C.: Brookings In)Tj (stitution Press.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.14 Td (Florida Fund for Minority Teachers, Inc. \(2014\). About Us. Retrieved f\ rom )Tj 0 0 1 scn 3 -2.3 Td (http://www.ffmt.org/about/)Tj 0 0 0 scn ( )Tj ( )Tj ET 0 0 1 scn 108.52 585.96 130.559 0.239 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 550.44 Tm (Gibb, S. J., Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood)Tj (, L. J. \(2008\). Effects of single)Tj (-)Tj (sex and coeducational )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (schooling on the gender gap in educational achievement. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 22.964 0 Td (Australian Journal of )Tj -22.964 -2.3 Td (Education)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (, )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (52)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(3\), 301)Tj (\226)Tj (317.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.14 Td (Glick, I. \(1971\). Does )Tj (t)Tj (eacher\222s )Tj (s)Tj (kin )Tj (c)Tj (olor )Tj (m)Tj [(atter?)1( )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf (Integrated Education, )Tj /TT0 1 Tf (9, 26)Tj (-)Tj (30.)Tj ( )Tj 0 -3.14 TD (Graham, P. )Tj (A. \(1987\). )Tj (Black )Tj (t)Tj (eachers: A )Tj (d)Tj (rastically )Tj (s)Tj (carce )Tj (r)Tj (esource. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (Phi Delta Kappan)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (, 68\(8\): )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (598)Tj (-)Tj (605.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.12 Td (Greene, J)Tj ( )Tj (.P., Winters, M.)Tj ( )Tj (A. & Forster, G. \(2004\). Testing high)Tj (-)Tj (stakes tests: Can we believe the )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (r)Tj (esults of accountability tests?)Tj ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (Teachers College Record, )Tj /TT0 1 Tf (106\(6\): )Tj (1124)Tj (-)Tj (1144.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.14 Td (Hess, F. M. & Leal, D.)Tj ( )Tj (L. \(1997\). Minority teachers, m)Tj (inority )Tj (s)Tj (tudents, and )Tj (c)Tj (ollege )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (m)Tj (atriculation: A )Tj (n)Tj (ew )Tj (l)Tj (ook at the )Tj (r)Tj (ole)Tj (-)Tj (m)Tj (odeling )Tj (h)Tj (ypothesis. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (Policy Studies Journal)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (25\(2\): )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (235)Tj (-)Tj (248.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.14 Td (Howsen, R.)Tj ( )Tj (M. & Trawick, M.)Tj ( )Tj (W. \(2007\). Teachers, )Tj (r)Tj (ace and )Tj (s)Tj (tudent )Tj (a)Tj (chievement )Tj (r)Tj (evisited. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3 -2.3 Td (Applied Economics Letters, )Tj /TT0 1 Tf (14\(14\), 1023)Tj (-)Tj (1027.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.12 Td (Ingersoll, R. M. & May, H. \(2011\). )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (Recruitment, r)Tj (etention and the )Tj (m)Tj (inority )Tj (t)Tj (eacher )Tj (s)Tj (hortage)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (\(Report No. 69\). )Tj (Philadelphia, PA: )Tj (The Consortium for Policy Research in Education)Tj 34.161 0 Td (.)Tj ( )Tj ET endstream endobj 47 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 48 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.012 Tc -0.008 Tw 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm [(R)1(E)2(P)3(R)1(E)2(S)3(E)2(NT)2(AT)2(I)6(ON I)6(N T)2(HE)2( C)1(L)2(AS)3(S)3(R)1(OOM)-3( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 19.648 0 Td ( )Tj 4.132 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 22.764 0 Td (23)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 72.5199 708.36 Tm (Kane, T.)Tj ( )Tj (J. & Staiger, D.)Tj ( )Tj (O. \(2008\). Estimating )Tj (t)Tj (eacher )Tj (i)Tj (mpacts on )Tj (s)Tj (tudent )Tj (a)Tj (chievement: An )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (e)Tj (xperimental )Tj (e)Tj (valuation. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (NBER Working Paper No. 14607)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (. )Tj (Retrieved from National )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (Bureau of Economic Research website: )Tj 0 0 1 scn 16.022 0 Td (http://www.nber.org/papers/w14607)Tj 0 0 0 scn ( )Tj ( )Tj ET 0 0 1 scn 300.76 651.24 174.72 0.24 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 615.48 Tm (King, S. H. \(1993\). The )Tj (l)Tj (imited )Tj (presence of African)Tj (-)Tj (American t)Tj (eachers. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (Review of Education )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (Research)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (6: 115)Tj (-)Tj (149.)Tj /TT1 1 Tf ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf -3 -3.12 Td (Kirby, S. N., Berends, M. & Naftel, S . \(1999\). Supply and )Tj (demand of m)Tj (inority )Tj (t)Tj (eachers in )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (Texas: Problems and )Tj (p)Tj (rospects. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 31.133 0 Td (27\(1\), 47)Tj (-)Tj -31.133 -2.3 Td (66.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.14 Td (Ladson)Tj (-)Tj (B)Tj (illings, G. \(1992\). Liberatory c)Tj (onsequences of )Tj (literacy: A c)Tj (ase of )Tj (c)Tj (ulturally )Tj (r)Tj (elevant )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (i)Tj (nstruction for African American )Tj (s)Tj (tudents. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (Journal of Negro )Tj (Education)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (61: 378)Tj (-)Tj (391.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.14 Td (Maynor, W. & Katzenmeyer, W.G. \(1974\). Academic performance and school\ integration: A )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (multi)Tj (-)Tj (ethnic analysis, )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (Journal of Negro Education)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (, 43\(1\), 30)Tj (-)Tj (38.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.12 Td (McGrady, P. B., & Reynolds, J. R. \(2012\). Racial mismatch in the class\ room: Beyond)Tj 34.468 0 Td ( )Tj (black)Tj (-)Tj -31.468 -2.3 Td (white differences. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (Sociology of Education)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (, )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (86)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(1\), 3)Tj (\226)Tj (17. doi:10.1177/0038040712444857)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.14 Td (McLoyd, V. C. \(1998\). Socioeconomic )Tj (disadvantage and c)Tj (hild )Tj (d)Tj (evelopment. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (American )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (Psychologist, )Tj /TT0 1 Tf (53, 185)Tj (-)Tj (204.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.14 Td (Meier, K.)Tj ( )Tj (J., Wrinkle, R., & Polinard, J.)Tj ( )Tj (L. \(1999\). Representative )Tj (b)Tj (ureaucracy and )Tj (d)Tj (istributional )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (equity: Addressing the h)Tj (ard )Tj (q)Tj (uestion. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (Journal of Politics, )Tj /TT0 1 Tf (61, 1025)Tj (-)Tj (1039.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.12 Td (Morris, E. W. \(2005\). From \221)Tj (m)Tj (iddle )Tj (c)Tj (lass\222 to \221)Tj (t)Tj (railer )Tj (t)Tj (rash\222: Teachers\222 )Tj (p)Tj (erceptions of )Tj (w)Tj (hite )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (s)Tj (tudents in a )Tj (p)Tj (redominately )Tj (m)Tj (ino)Tj (rity )Tj (s)Tj (chool. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (Sociology of Education )Tj /TT0 1 Tf (78:99)Tj (-)Tj (121.)Tj ( )Tj ET endstream endobj 49 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 50 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.012 Tc -0.008 Tw 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm [(R)1(E)2(P)3(R)1(E)2(S)3(E)2(NT)2(AT)2(I)6(ON I)6(N T)2(HE)2( C)1(L)2(AS)3(S)3(R)1(OOM)-3( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 19.648 0 Td ( )Tj 4.132 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 22.764 0 Td (24)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 72.5199 708.36 Tm [(Neumark, D., & Gardecki, R. \(1998\). Women helping women?)1( Role)]TJ (-)Tj (model and mentoring )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (effects on female Ph.D. students in economics. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (The Journal of Human Resources)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (, )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (33)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(1\), )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (220)Tj (\226)Tj (246.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.14 Td (Nixon, L. A., &)Tj ( )Tj (Robinson, M. D. \(1999\). The educational attainment of young women: Rol\ e )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (model effects of female high school faculty. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 17.885 0 Td (Demography)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (, )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (36)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(2\), 185)Tj (\226)Tj (194.)Tj ( )Tj -20.885 -3.12 Td [(Ohberg, H. \(1972\). Does the black child need a black teacher?)1( )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 25.156 0 Td (Integrated Education)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (, 10, 27)Tj (-)Tj (28.)Tj ( )Tj -25.156 -3.14 Td (Ouazad, A. \(201)Tj (4\). Assessed by a teacher like me: Race and teacher assessments. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 32.849 0 Td (Education )Tj -29.849 -2.3 Td (Finance and Policy)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (, )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (9)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(3\), 334)Tj (\226)Tj (372.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.14 Td (Pew Research Center. \(2010\).)Tj /TT1 1 Tf ( )Tj (Demographic )Tj (p)Tj (rofile of Hispanics in Florida, 2010)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (. Retrieved )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (from )Tj (http://www.pewhispanic.org/states/state/fl/)Tj ( )Tj ET 134.92 417.96 205.92 0.24 re f BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 382.44 Tm (Phinney, J. S. \(1989\). Stages of ethnic identity development in minori\ ty group adolescents. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 3 -2.3 Td (Journal of Early Adolescence)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (, 9)Tj ( )Tj (\(1)Tj (-)Tj (2\))Tj (, 34 )Tj (\226)Tj ( )Tj (49.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.14 Td (Pitts, D. \(200)Tj (7\). Representative )Tj (b)Tj (ureaucracy, )Tj (e)Tj (thnicity, and )Tj (p)Tj (ublic )Tj (s)Tj (chools. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (Administration and )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (Society)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (, 39, 497)Tj (-)Tj (526.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.14 Td (Robst, J., Keil, J., & Russo, D. \(1998\). The effect of gender composit\ ion of faculty on student )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (retention. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (Economics of Education Review)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (, )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (17)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\(4\), )Tj (429)Tj (\226)Tj (439. doi:10.1016/S0272)Tj (-)Tj T* (7757\(97\)00049)Tj (-)Tj (6)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.12 Td (Sanders, J. M \(198)Tj (4)Tj (\). Faculty )Tj (d)Tj (esegregation and )Tj (s)Tj (tudent )Tj (a)Tj (chievement. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (American Educational )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (Research Journal)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (, 21\(3\): 605)Tj (-)Tj (616.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.14 Td (Staiger, A. \(2004\). Whiteness as )Tj (giftedness: Racial f)Tj 20.94 0 Td (ormation at an )Tj (u)Tj (rban )Tj (h)Tj (igh )Tj (s)Tj (chool. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (So)Tj (cial )Tj ET endstream endobj 51 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 52 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.012 Tc -0.008 Tw 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm [(R)1(E)2(P)3(R)1(E)2(S)3(E)2(NT)2(AT)2(I)6(ON I)6(N T)2(HE)2( C)1(L)2(AS)3(S)3(R)1(OOM)-3( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 19.648 0 Td ( )Tj 4.132 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 22.764 0 Td (25)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 108.5199 708.36 Tm (Problems )Tj /TT0 1 Tf (51:161)Tj (-)Tj (81.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.14 Td (Steele, C. M. \(1997\). )Tj (A )Tj (t)Tj (hreat in the )Tj (a)Tj (ir )Tj (-)Tj ( )Tj (How )Tj (s)Tj (tereotypes )Tj (s)Tj (hape )Tj (i)Tj (ntellectual )Tj (i)Tj (dentity and )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (p)Tj (erformance. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (American Psychologist)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (52 \(6\): 613)Tj (-)Tj (629.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.12 Td (Steele, C. M. & Aronson, J. \(1995\). )Tj (Stereotype )Tj (t)Tj (hreat and the )Tj (i)Tj (ntellectual )Tj (t)Tj (est)Tj (-)Tj (p)Tj (erformance of )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (African Americans. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (69\(5\): 797)Tj (-)Tj (811.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.14 Td (Stewart, J., Meier, K. J., & England, R. E. \(1989\). In )Tj (q)Tj (uest of )Tj (r)Tj (ole )Tj (m)Tj (odels: Change in )Tj (b)Tj (lack )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (t)Tj (eacher )Tj (r)Tj (epresentation in )Tj (u)Tj (rban )Tj (s)Tj (chool )Tj (d)Tj (istricts, 1968)Tj (-)Tj (1986)Tj /TT1 1 Tf (. Journal )Tj (of Negro Education)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (58: 140)Tj (-)Tj (152.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.14 Td (Tyson, K. \(2003\). Notes form the )Tj (b)Tj (ack of the )Tj (r)Tj (oom: Problems and )Tj (p)Tj (aradoxes in the )Tj (s)Tj (chooling of )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (young b)Tj (lack )Tj (s)Tj (tudents. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (Sociology of Education, )Tj /TT0 1 Tf (76: 326)Tj (-)Tj (43.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.12 Td (United States Department of Education \(2010\). )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 19.134 0 Td (US Department of Education)Tj ( )Tj (launches n)Tj (ational )Tj -16.134 -2.3 Td (t)Tj (eacher )Tj (r)Tj (ecruitment )Tj (c)Tj (ampaign)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj ([Press release].)Tj ( )Tj (Retrieved from )Tj 0 0 1 scn T* (http://www.ed.gov/news/press)Tj (-)Tj (releases/us)Tj (-)Tj (department)Tj (-)Tj (education)Tj (-)Tj (launches)Tj (-)Tj (national)Tj (-)Tj ET 108.52 325.32 403.2 0.239 re f BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 108.5199 299.64 Tm (teacher)Tj (-)Tj (recruitment)Tj (-)Tj (campaign)Tj 0 0 0 scn (. )Tj ( )Tj ET 0 0 1 scn 108.52 297.72 144.48 0.24 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 261.96 Tm (Villegas, A. M., Strom, K. & Lucas, T. \(2012\). Closing the )Tj (r)Tj (acial/ )Tj (e)Tj (thnic )Tj (g)Tj (ap )Tj (b)Tj (etween )Tj (s)Tj (tudents of )Tj 3 -2.3 Td (c)Tj (olor and )Tj (t)Tj (heir )Tj (t)Tj (eachers: An )Tj (e)Tj (lusive )Tj (g)Tj (oal. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (Equity and Excellence in Education, 45)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 32.489 0 Td (\(2\), 283)Tj (-)Tj -32.489 -2.3 Td (301.)Tj ( )Tj -3 -3.14 Td (Winters, M.)Tj ( )Tj (A., Haight, R. C., Swaim, T. T., & Pickering, K. )Tj (A. \(2013\). The effect of same)Tj (-)Tj 3 -2.28 Td (gender teacher assignment on student achievement in the elementary and s\ econdary )Tj T* (grades: Evidence from panel data. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 13.883 0 Td (Economics of Education Review)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (, )Tj (34)Tj (, 69)Tj (\226)Tj (75.)Tj ( )Tj (doi: )Tj -13.883 -2.3 Td (10.)Tj (1016/j.econedurev.2013.01.007)Tj ( )Tj ET endstream endobj 53 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 54 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.012 Tc -0.008 Tw 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm [(R)1(E)2(P)3(R)1(E)2(S)3(E)2(NT)2(AT)2(I)6(ON I)6(N T)2(HE)2( C)1(L)2(AS)3(S)3(R)1(OOM)-3( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 19.648 0 Td ( )Tj 4.132 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 22.764 0 Td (26)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 72.5199 708.6 Tm (Table 1)Tj (. )Tj ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0 -2.18 TD (Ratio of students to teachers by same)Tj (-)Tj (race groupings)Tj ( )Tj ET q 67.24 654.36 79.68 22.32 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 665.64 Tm (Year)Tj 1.943 0 Td ( )Tj ET Q q 146.92 654.36 99.6 22.32 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 181.8898 665.64 Tm (White)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 246.52 654.36 99.36 22.32 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 282.1798 665.64 Tm (Black)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 345.88 654.36 99.6 22.32 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 355.5927 665.64 Tm (Hispanic/ Latino)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 445.48 654.36 99.6 22.32 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 481.1369 665.64 Tm (Asian)Tj 2.333 0 Td ( )Tj ET Q 67 676.68 79.92 0.959 re f 146.92 676.68 0.96 0.959 re f 147.88 676.68 98.64 0.959 re f 246.52 676.68 0.96 0.959 re f 247.48 676.68 98.4 0.959 re f 345.88 676.68 0.96 0.959 re f 346.84 676.68 98.64 0.959 re f 445.48 676.68 0.959 0.959 re f 446.44 676.68 98.64 0.959 re f q 67.24 637.8 79.68 16.08 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 642.84 Tm (2002)Tj (-)Tj (03)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 146.92 637.8 99.6 16.08 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 178.3829 642.84 Tm (10.8)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 246.52 637.8 99.36 16.08 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 278.008 642.84 Tm (26.5)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 345.88 637.8 99.6 16.08 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 377.5829 642.84 Tm (41.4)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 445.48 637.8 99.6 16.08 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 476.9679 642.84 Tm (47.1)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q 67 653.88 79.92 0.481 re f 146.92 653.88 0.481 0.481 re f 147.4 653.88 99.12 0.481 re f 246.52 653.88 0.48 0.481 re f 247 653.88 98.88 0.481 re f 345.88 653.88 0.48 0.481 re f 346.36 653.88 99.121 0.481 re f 445.48 653.88 0.48 0.481 re f 445.96 653.88 99.12 0.481 re f q 67.24 621.96 79.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 626.76 Tm (2003)Tj (-)Tj (04)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 146.92 621.96 99.6 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 178.3829 626.76 Tm (10.1)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 246.52 621.96 99.36 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 278.008 626.76 Tm (25.4)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 345.88 621.96 99.6 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 377.5829 626.76 Tm (40.3)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 445.48 621.96 99.6 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 476.9679 626.76 Tm (42.7)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.24 606.12 79.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 610.92 Tm (2004)Tj (-)Tj (05)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 146.92 606.12 99.6 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 181.3829 610.92 Tm (9.7)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 246.52 606.12 99.36 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 278.008 610.92 Tm (23.4)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 345.88 606.12 99.6 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 377.5829 610.92 Tm (37.4)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 445.48 606.12 99.6 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 476.9679 610.92 Tm (38.3)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.24 590.28 79.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 595.08 Tm (2005)Tj (-)Tj (06)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 146.92 590.28 99.6 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 181.3829 595.08 Tm (9.3)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 246.52 590.28 99.36 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 278.008 595.08 Tm (22.5)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 345.88 590.28 99.6 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 377.5829 595.08 Tm (36.7)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 445.48 590.28 99.6 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 476.9679 595.08 Tm (35.4)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.24 574.44 79.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 579.2401 Tm (2006)Tj (-)Tj (07)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 146.92 574.44 99.6 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 181.3829 579.2401 Tm (8.8)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 246.52 574.44 99.36 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 278.008 579.2401 Tm (21.5)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 345.88 574.44 99.6 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 377.5829 579.2401 Tm (34.7)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 445.48 574.44 99.6 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 476.9679 579.2401 Tm (33.0)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.24 558.6 79.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 563.4 Tm (2007)Tj (-)Tj (08)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 146.92 558.6 99.6 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 181.3829 563.4 Tm (8.4)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 246.52 558.6 99.36 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 278.008 563.4 Tm (21.2)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 345.88 558.6 99.6 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 377.5829 563.4 Tm (34.1)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 445.48 558.6 99.6 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 476.9679 563.4 Tm (30.7)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.24 542.76 79.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 547.5601 Tm (2008)Tj (-)Tj (09)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 146.92 542.76 99.6 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 181.3829 547.5601 Tm (8.2)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 246.52 542.76 99.36 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 278.008 547.5601 Tm (21.2)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 345.88 542.76 99.6 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 377.5829 547.5601 Tm (32.2)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 445.48 542.76 99.6 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 476.9679 547.5601 Tm (31.2)Tj ( )Tj (: 1)Tj ( )Tj ET Q 66.28 541.8 80.64 0.96 re f 146.2 541.8 0.96 0.96 re f 147.16 541.8 99.36 0.96 re f 245.8 541.8 0.96 0.96 re f 246.76 541.8 99.12 0.96 re f 345.16 541.8 0.96 0.96 re f 346.12 541.8 99.36 0.96 re f 444.76 541.8 0.959 0.96 re f 445.72 541.8 99.36 0.96 re f BT /TT0 1 Tf 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 532.6801 Tm [(S)-1(our)3(c)1(e)1(:)4( F)-1(l)4(or)3(i)4(da)1( D)-4(e)1(pa)1(r)3(t)4(m)-4(e)1(nt)4( of)2( E)-2(duc)1(a)1(t)4(i)4(on,)4( s)2(t)4(ude)1(nt)4( a)1(nd t)4(e)1(a)1(c)1(he)1(r)3( de)1(m)-4(ogr)3(a)1(phi)4(c)1( f)2(i)4(l)4(e)1(s)2( f)2(or)3( s)2(e)1(l)4(e)1(c)1(t)4(e)1(d ye)1(a)1(r)3(s)]TJ ET endstream endobj 55 0 obj <>stream H\j0 ~ CqNur[ m琷&CO|<7oMEbG8ř,BRU~;$$2eGQ ܜ2-;^OrH> >{G 58yлIfD;4>/f%!-d, ȥpi뫍zc+v+rEMZhg"NW.Rb|RLį/re endstream endobj 56 0 obj <>stream HV}pTW?$$" [ mfwS ؾM6@0/)b*XKujEZePKGvg~iPQfn>ũ3՛};{zݲ dR;ܫ="*8vӺ 69ӺnWYC0J$uYZ`W4;wCɳ=> &ucbC.!5t9:Qɍa)KwUb g9by)]̰t#c%)Dr:so޻>l7zCyzaOE|=CĎtV @mt7uVD/[,r9NB8 5bZ6n0~@1zxŚ/J ꡭcMRBWnZNk`[=6vzSOS H"Rw̻G^iO^IwOy>3<:vGqib./d#f;q*]C4uw>8A{%ߎ"౭O`}DU6"ozMthcra;28g nZd6SxlYji/#6^GFg e>C@Sldq6W H%:AmW-ٙͦb z?Fdz^Vf"r7xo w >z~w^k qi7*]ȡ3=#ϐO `:1[>̠ܹCϼ`{!5/O&8pEjpfw\OFV8?k[7/-әOԹKܳG6ķU#{dWy|V~M2\y | =2q?FWz L|Z V^~ }rNWG}t_+y_\=|apBj.l,Ӌn]z[nsӧfk7Let_崊 S=ES .Yb4/G{=ZDܳrxE5Rů)p*&=M`&r+5]Ui$Ӣ5+J~KU5_cBMropb# t f^?E糲d<>'љ&޴8©Ԋ;# NºHJRd* -KQjK;)K⪷Afy@T:Ky&({9[4 DRdk9djAƫz-_RjoN׮um8*z3zɚ`Ut"TnPjJFj qe,-NX5a|Ж.^ǴG"xMC1I*XmbPDhbp|L yC]XmtŨ3[]-:$~ֈLPp8>yڢ'`줈 3*o)X-*O}OfjL8Mn'߆6NvF-ǣ&~ ؛ڂ> o~a'CI@dv1wz]?µJ\x`œ{ǥK[da6MTU}Ċ9G~dG0FÀB@=SfFQ6=Dո(HL]E$0Eu1&(1pƲd'abr&67 ^Fr< ,PzFߐ\!O<ZrВe%6^:͑']i/=tYkP9 0pv=ul$8n *;7Cн b]fҴQ=܄ l#͞g[wmu#ϰEB9}sﰕ8!%bO,8/r:wP؋l-Vͺ&(z]ײfqY7$t W UP"q]ΚLPڔlZُXpfA KicӀZI |~  P+B%XTG.R:@+0Nj]tuUZKt͒p =ehS >*q,eaSl,١ffaV9fl6dž昱93kQE|h6*@5lD. d6Lj,:k3}}\9P?C?dzMOz3uWCy5zk>7U**t?6p|WJU(/!(4͕{ASӲumK]bc6Q Y$d:!kz\̌4>#ܼ@)UaQiT) n$KM z{Px-((ٺSC~Hi{ZXpItYОIߠ50XbBƇnM,! ÂBPLg-ƻ33;3{:٧NֿOdRu_ȒzV_WbykL'?_WV~=s@>!ASQ/fF\d,Ό$x6zg}]bG Q!JӍ  I8H$ZV{!%})݆pUٜL0Z2 Z0x.6{_z ;6:8zVyEwKHSQHvP6VW[EH=94kw暝XTovDLK,MNZpJkǠ{ UUK vQ=tݝu|0!`)'ƃTmYSMSڸnJWp;'Evl]VJqzeYRAY/.:PCrW(/)NRU5D1f騪[T-Y^ *Vȥeye K*r\{y+:%/ .IRX+&τdGywC!w|Ux5\ %\%0\n2/ߘS3LüiJx25f͗-qM*/弔sWxQѐ,n u,<$7A6ܑxK'FVÑ9j8C5-C0:-zw[~_F(Z[bˌ%M[zQUo|4n^fv6jSӣb>3k'OY/!aKXD)YrXг#==FKߍ5'f @Cm12k^ 6J#FQE(l S>7!6wUiڴܱ謉xe+! <"L7!+1IL?wq'Gq%~ n7%"q8OY"E%zN"I"vqb#Z(!6ab=QO5b"@Bx$N]1qouW2`Y3x O >stream Hz` endstream endobj 58 0 obj <>stream HdV tW>$<ܸII!B$4xMCyL& :VQmMG܈xʹ2Pj,5RfR(K{ffuu޷,E 2h_59-9-6y2gƼ(#z {{ncڹj@Q+/Z.#(7u0cV+9|Gqs/LG~V~< fRغ?% ^j/i2Ti7}ZrlM+szJ:>+;e)=`GqSzz#}pD/!1QA``"qtW|2r#57kn0TecVb1?8cP)_G1R\(!FPVW_^ҷE8LMp@ĿŽ8oN,_FN_.XJxX7ȗBi0-,bQP^mjT 㑎6H4J:t@;`94y 7u8O"8<ɇzA&@n,rl }U{Xe8N/R1S;]tGtܓQbB+m⯂ISKwB"iU 1P*ypc2ȍ:!髡53/ ZX"d^4 {r{rJUNa0.ՅU5؇cA2ʨjw|h0{zn76LXO8 yNl /qOЫVJZK K_QT 2yfy2p6❷|;Jx/f _N'8^^poh(bZ@h}H8x(RʮzFQa6.2Wk@o܅ Ct"[n/R&8T/[懨XA)zRz:M!B*"e/kVVoZQ.CfD|``)>kjUch+ήq]z7zԵ͙͵&"B2g4:f 'W`5*>Tc7Nk\7"7pS"{٧hN—hLS) h~,u6R-3tOsGI<_౜Y\:^>_Hy.]"RoAdZ6ꬪScƐv#bKf/ig~ raɳTZ-',7k/k5uUKTbdφ0nJEy7M'yq=i"Wp#L8\)^S77+Г7Haw+Y<@x8ێ.Br~EoB*"KG8'0z`D*4LTΏ)kDN: #inT8Q>_bMђG ޮi#Θe#UAS47('Q XsՉHb?:qAQU_S}i7Bs #ۼe4&]o&'ڜwשv d$2lsrW$g$<Yar*&b]I.& *81͙6&W}P?nnc[a]No*i#sM"4f0c1'ڙ&N6Sm2?miZ>(t,><^o_ViMN=jSèZՐFfNѡvGdsֲ3Җ6]q7'*<68Cu]Fζ^ֆBK|h= =YhkSTTY"{E(:{#_XSMAɫxPˆa6H̙ۙ_B'1( ʂ!eKZ|Vac֜Mb,9ۄ_yQtGr^9O9 o3~<'\̾$#7bCq,lqr/?O= uϙ ~Xy:!PaTVQ.ꉁd8%PɁKzwuxxU߫U W䃍'Ώlۛ}eݹ,}agagG>AFZ?,@~ n< ް0,by 6k3p(kg8\ w'V\q0El>oȁM-A k0#|# 7cö]p<pir@'|?< ֓ZWlOf"~&.?ڎc~b n -O><)װGw̾U˔HXݫ2w2+,x G}ԷsK+/tZ(os?d0hɎ?`?4ݣ}'8 CYRXFLELiz*:QƋ6ƕyo6$lP4w8ͱeT?x@Mb ppE|ImSP1(ˡCkP2D\Rh%׉0l/H%<M{|ĸxAG ~<Ɇ5_9e5r$'z{VMؿߓ?g^_# WLc7V8b8 1+:rǏg2 :A ~zck8}# wL*DP|1{UB;o"dqB-9!eҝHKi崖j񴵅񩰆Uw7˸ orSk˜ϫB6))k|WokvΣgm@n-󽸩kk)js^+ΗY^7Fb6!-l+\uA 3=359tȤk2=&Ē R=ܕL`[b)b ,3an90͜ldk4qfA;np6>b&Pemd/uFݗe+Z=ݕlY+Jl,d+Hj )Ʉ8'Je I LC!3EuH4iڔ43 4pi!oW$̞{s2! "q > d;f!sd(£Yv78[bY|F,<Ϝ23!q2abc+,lkPuBAw63X IjEe}pneUiЉ]&VaP';:pRK1Lb?85G{9?sska?n{l+?N32W2!_H?,4d;2*e$S$|Er)ARnPj\8LWa( @I5TR<5q@iUŒA28: .W6nmauˉ%{VXkysr{;FA)eo\=ID|)z_-V<;~jE(~5rG:>FAx6{vVl:;I'3c0&gQe;ybr'`DK,R:6V%XM_c1)༉؁EeX}=B3P{2bǜ. WV۬g2_;qj>@m{+IzUU0ܑ7ožYk˗n ~ߵݩ)u-wAD_L[ *) lD>*!r$(D 4q\ū*L2SKS&MKX:X$-Y8=VaE#$3@ CR\H:^R|'07DAj[P\t%^eN"@o l>ݑcaOOm}gxd2d{EJMnszH}j!8>29ắCnY2~;x~Т{,A?&V{wh"oUN؍EǀtFV"2Z5^}iڞLZ䑥?W ,Owv||݋v_z}y[u+6mh_tmuo_4 ۃHD9nh.J91" >Apf^QU!z3>|VpeBz.( ޶Z8dڹ+UV\ ?t[J .eۡ\kM@8hm0INicLPCI H&*vZcʹ>^qÅ~'*SK>߽y煍?̮&Z꺧 >YL  2`iW/x%`ݘ>i!'q&&8njKHsY+"bB2z-cK=KA dM 0(NI* o*6ErQo%ZQ^f{gˋu'Mor<祪Q]RU)WSCe`*\y@Q ~g#ܩ9zYl(u٩RNN_$J$ERlJTbwLeE84;17imՙxtHOYRLS[gB~?P2j+w- DUҞ4ZAB2 t~Ԧ_Y?oǜn}זuj+jW8 @H 샣88乷˽>{]Ʌ!6D,TRE; JԴR`C$qZZ+"¤@BK-:"S;DB rw Лvۻ=}FQT;o;)^S,wafhdžԖv|ePHvFҟZ˿ҟ~h(V}k7mD %-btؼv{]-CxE^Pap~ݴt8uُqh1ԩ`Me#{xgYfe j:TveQ6A,(|cykg03P]G{*ZU: ݼwu:$1 {6-ZOc@dyxm E#m V/SȍYϥ*YgF`'>GE"{ܺTOa#nW.]7>: GC1?짟K/5o8gFB ͡P?Y]g Ow{AIJbNʜv8!f"@fIƴ)=w2@4J)04)A4q'M{3FhEi2 5#sh(z} =Jf6h6i@7 h`WԢ.>+ Zv*x* *U `U-?:SlWj| DWfZPw*z?SՖ+S_LB%\\S"oR2Azu@oZ{?.5CA 7C-sqhedJVҩ\lxǁ7,.TiڐKLE8@׀,Z1≳6E}gPxmÈk4iF@onx%^R+mfDcHlyBٌHgGk=5Q`2fʹY:H%j䶤1PX0Aǒ Ј?7Z<**?5{N~K>*޳+Yu<]L@fpO4 dwPEͫlPwҺ  YHK;ʛ#Y]Q6DN,:Oe ڶCq8nSPP  ŏ~:ܞH&^Q%G)B-]_Wj26)NӴS 8obS4/)آz*UӫI(ZXSR.(+ʤbRղ G7,ӉyB'pFV,_E5iW:KJʻl~}tR|Q'.m,h՗DJ@څdxU׎xOu!sՃPg(vIgA w%q4'`g!\}J?!ϭqx7n鶖&@1Hw\wM}5`HNKZ;ڰ@B/e{)t) esXX@Q `=~7‰$.c iT#;}D?@hYYTǠTVF[rڹ[| _p'U0VyWc/]=AЅʫ<Ɖ7c<1ovϛ؞c5rP(4҂T( І4 4T=Vj@Ҧ$Ea i+HտFUM*%Pz)m#F~Ǭg};rLnMN v#㯄p=DVք`Nƒ68Ϯމ8ق߉̋ Ҳ규mkfCmiQ@}dMH诒C` Fv/R.y/>V+,ݷqqM;b»?uMi&5+ԝ*l> G|EUrCAf2M踙]@xoɲw]aCkCc"? bo|z@/ǾDZl$Cu =+Gl&x@R( ]*K%KPy@CV OK_pT*#EW5]"٬drZ# :H3[ kVk_5Fs}bZ11hh+:3tZ 4 =̉s *{@!y<}<'}u(cʩHQфT5nj3UJ((tT/O.$oR aO?kC +@GqtҞ>H 14乜"e`Gڗ=#XIs9Ewµ¹I%Nwp]čڞ~=)DnW[0Z4$ L|lݙ,j}g޾E0|) Wj"~JIZKz}mp$Z$'a!o433'ÙĀH"qFa n1-Énu#ƌ?a>+xQmG>{,Y  5ԊlJ,<}ű5Fd r%JE G=ES( -$𚒐%AT5Q,Һ&&"ZU0*d] E#K~PS(J 񆢵rHy^a1Oq(-t'Nw@|!ݝ(&`U1EِrǛL֝ˠ0J6O>$<D4)>}^Ai q=NЅ2(lAnLl$jCI $YWB`򆜰>L]#^)\|>w}azLìSRZS+{6M99VgIe5G*7)y8aphK"k9X&w?`NŅh_|,> 39T `^Xd% 2R7%L&-ӝ$QQe49 Mɩ4itXz^Hlq4PdzL/)?k3( |B>#{1$ mED!fߙ_[G{`2^"qyi[Jxm6XpQ%g?D~zQ3+i@U0Nb<'Gϴ \8ȞiY9s?M0WԜ#3Wo5_3xD?۳srFQ$s`\2n4 am LT [49F֭u= 18-I_`81e(O#|itZmב;#w]jl?mgzAޛ:U&)i]?4z4hyU;֓E$aC͑ooyv5кkv}{=/t;*<}Qo j/,PG99m#CQ~-w?ʟ}7g|>]dl .<<+VΊǣ!IBH"@P"`\JAA\ʀS@U[BEM_8jca媇*1UuZr 9!ԩiZ:)SzԹaeH 8KZ ]s8E\3*xrg ֗m-?f Cʊ6)uom<{gq_>|3rwvbQš]kͦ!(Ma@`&: ]FhFmc&Mۤ $jӢN[i9)Z.zί~~Br=ˣY"9^W8K/mLZ/bp0B zsaNH ϐmtÂ׏M@ XIUv&ӥ\NOhZR$Qb(j۟b8^t9-$^-vEQGp|B ZbH""A=H9gc)1 Jicr!1'kKURVɇt՜V;k)%/%lciX lW6ylAY`4מK,._Oo}{=ºxV,iU^ ^/jtHվΘDƨ?T璖TBܻ|׮úe-1Jb0$*2~0(P>q+&9nn H.h)S&Dqo2lj)O$8ai c&&o 6U>#ݸsܕYlh̒66O.aySl7ڲ+Ѥ<_TêD7}stWu$פ:Fql^\P%ON#cQua)v 3fo#[hwʻ 򓈋5=8 kmcmNaRȊJ^ 3 g2l6HQNr2djoOC'6\9lFqWj2`̪ᄬYϤBBIrFS0_ٞN'N }b{9 'B)\@K45CG3 >MX*3AT"ZmCqlZ?*]=Ӄ석4*=?:j/c8]qs>v⏻Kb'/_H +dfAnkaED[hV*B'mb5(MDWCJ%1W=Yw{~y~yTÇ&:eӏium1A+WN=fW=norr~7\+7;wu[G̳{cQ遺cp w<7ع)@(wUa-HƇ؅~GYWdIr{u x$kx$~ T=+ǪR\mi:*USAقeI='YN2r<,ӭql3f%/TS D@l[ի7S'4,=aH Ȭ# HKXvi3ҵ UImWpb(IQYɀ$P$$AK+b`jHIL$|]Y}IOIbo͢S2h!GOZ bi>W۲foT[<$qG|Uғ{Pky^#l /&̂;zqL_K_#L>liC%Pt !(&ptIGg86ܧcOxHIѪ_9464st[S[N4on6qX{dNGZ ᦒ6M?L%Њ…NsqMR@$)Bk+3v>4i25zӳP{9P6gfPtrZ1TVXLF *21٤T>4ݸcG[ =|nrÞ}>5]ܿ*]s%mzhE8͘ =gW%B侷,@]vv!E: >yDuYo* N(m025L!aB [KQfnl-\,^׊ jZ:ڙP PZ;^; +WEU@TS.rSrhClg@t(ٮ63~'>ߝ}vwvIӦqB[ҵ84O5̀MejD :6cRҙuhLCb4MH1$V x{޳Tx={W55Z{0+׃@\}m(8/؈;\PQb1FJ84apUC:!-V~16ƵؘsE2COܻYe9u=qiX%Nsvl$YO]3b}%;&Ʌf1W9򘰱vjVIE2Q?qZmP;Tؙ&n#(<3{OZ*]Ef|jS|<%)Y;%H& O Ωz&?")4HVA>I"R|*5g`rPe/V9XG%Z򚴐KRqI(_7W13R( )!0b>֢|GvfV(ܮV% kSp0GAckYplypl  e^ 0A ǗpKjmiiUd4Z#hļZƕ3F7.l‹r:rM5IH:7FnO8YGvNPZNBOW@SSw./a'45bѢFQg'  W?6SՌ6CǺ FmUi$1ċb(`jHd^ W1-K=:L;̊F@1hRNl hlq7-?. bv:"Т 0cǭͬ\ghXb .vW. W&|×ˮ` m!E[5@uxi]<+ћW|+:LC>IHK4S9%-xDg$ۊikz&jv:d Q.2&#C0 l6gk33zϏ`d])f*B#f(HmJ(VdC[Ts偫X:Ѳzd.o0q[ȕ"GNd:t ھ ~G/cS*T'OIUʬݡzdE}~ twdҌ^$OILBlA{nط)gN @@o;@JgYΊekM'SZ/ݮyڭxjjӆoJٝߺbR釞oEd`G ~E@"`YG W % 6n4Ӎd;L9j2h~Dٍ <Ƌ:fDb<AS )8)<W"-;0CB8 k~FdRp%JzImeH t$ߑy23tF[☘h>G! ?ۉΗhbIWM8#z yqd-K)?'}z3jG 8NkP,~R! f@EiZZC qɂ0.~3گvs-2d$74_HŖ+.ٻ*mV+IҖkH`p2rmg&-iܶ+gui5>Vhv'ĪW`֦z=IBe+ؼCkBԩaﱣ&ť;LJq uN <%pQ W;f(z>u W|جW3G VֱVl5Q/ꛯ[4² A@PҥC AŇ{s3 UŪCu鑟j$\Rk &6MUyBoZSPùëD唄'_, g(IW9h:ͮJ.cv^t#Qj)Yq%_2ݰ^4޴َ̪NXM筗D)e[a֨&j n nƜ F`W6NlI"&1zDbh9pHG (؃XB~ 4͋#FJB1F7J-! rkoM;6u2W2'zNp}[F{HO-8 Q\ B<=Օ$˺@r@I[Q Tg-0ǣ u^, 2W=?~g 0'~.= cI z2B!@Jb]P%M&@bO#ErG#8M`,G{E!e ,#xǃE 7ž/j\B؉&|RVb3$G|Q#?@,#ښ!aB5FI_mzcьw 2~L\E|{-}͙Uc_|r IKyGQw͚ԙ5zu r qAInQsJJI2uX${ ƺ5;J 1cN%j NvU׭6ɉ-6{jjզ&*>3&lӖAPTiƻ=nF{lMn G> yHL)DI%LC:gQ6Im7 ܨ~]3EB4YK4%Q0`8?=k"@yIң<\/U΍8 .Xir䮈Pl Ֆ<6<۫r뇓c{qwDo~]'e ۵%8\Hd׮)g)^{䮄\xlKnv W3Heÿ>y_׆Π! fZNYdV I$5aT3}[%uO);J;/LM]rAa鉒fP8DKNS?촏)#Z,5T߰ϛP))gM,G VzC4:yFN*){g}%eqw#ќbrR]/MHn(!<'",U䏊&q]%O6)Gc126KSeo@NKloQå˛dJ fʅ6Dgk=pZP{VŶˀ- 䪱݁dAIF]怋 MVa>䭊;ѧA*m{W -$5 0,rڹ}6Sƺ.W,XbPtPaBg-gX5gBBg_^B^l W:b^Y:ya&SVBXR ň(>2ZՁ zXL'Xx^]l:RIE2JzMO#(?)Ooies>l4WMdݔKw#ddI.:MG>?TRNqΓNS\#E~ l(/#/b1⹹Q^=NOs qú?h^Mٮn?-rth&GQ@c C>\`3-:6.0]d(JLt9܏۰ RNj&I'<~NO=$K5@!ɴ73-@rng0 < 0b6$&,"fhCA|hG,D]k#[b]̿-E5,;S9_KcYv!E0ASAԲP\ӆW-q*hb8s0߁naX6jV$q{mnOяbz`s ;Zme{MjOC)gSH+N/Ltd^ni-*t^]Np~קexo++W}f`S[mRn" V\ ji/X+56k:ں=߸}S>o߲=`.$$n( e_ ِ3 a@xUPÞ@4XP!XKA,( ] dz^a-H*8!M&ZZT=l̯P͊"Efp 15EMQ0Gq#MMsXez9pAY M>H:*pY gS<΂0:oU cxz$A3DlC\Aذwcpq@X 0SyQ/IDO僖A+LHQIOE߻8Ǟ'C thzgΓJ,zfyd=k]y!ѷ'n$+$x~qo@<>-ba6O=8GCL:!֪ۻT֕jTKFғV5˳42TMZ0[fM`Š%>s=ςjG 6O3zZK 5Ga۞<kz0TO><=SL="G=syMNSx7[$hv:`QIO:dž'.C4*4\bR ë ϬPUJ$'>fh^俣KHsXxY"O3KfŶA8&jHzjRjTեhm=YƓRuh "lP$Pp`>^m~[ƎQz^clge+Zb3? 6.c~aV4{@Je̅.6kF̠700a@ % ʔH }bS֙X/ ʇAѠ{\H]Ni)5e)"Sr/;姝לz]x;cvIr׃1IJi*@'' ᱯ8/1;X,o>{2\jlX%9+WPA76\SE&Qv;{q-A}f}8~' FPAk 4@aDDj"PŁ?!1$0]޵oҴ1uuZ1Jl@ ݀e0!6$T:D l7V-SUd,-`ߘ@3Dv4@N5D\[i)ZKy$ZuV1["sѸn 76HMgn3nB-7Ⅴҏ0wR+vFi{KIp)EMufҦMeµLq;4[4<]ܣi3Ki_ޟT,4) h✉>ٸY(a|U8FHNX^Y~xym\K䎪 endstream endobj 59 0 obj <>stream H\j0EY& ?⬌!u(xu4v$dyX )T Νv[cQqNڰeS|,d%ܙѲA 6_M EW1#h;uty*>7PDgU8! 3!3: tF/5[XSuV>M"QԞV$.nUyO%#\Tq1D|,Y/`:}Q endstream endobj 60 0 obj <>stream H\U tW97obO<ȍ$H&$F+7i(FKzģY2BuQU3 a.p>wJK!aΜ_f^-+~YXb^N*~qg;x3i@>xPş^e ?O933MX^Pe @KJs.:51AWM(ؘP_]x@(6`+z01 A$@(A 62P&LG)2"Kԙqo7+~phNku#lnmup,;B|d Yt DSz`R*[cиfxvQn7gEJftD^Xwh.+uo-H2H 69\ÏGi 1N]sK<,:٫O+lٲ7Ҹo-j8G8IAtH1a7F3í81P p"TOUf{0q%xH}Wbw- Lǫ=a|#ц=O#"^ǹ p>'ܕK8ǫD&bGki5P5 smwjax)=9S;:g{w(SE.NKr\˽>r<PsM ]eo?E9YfȕrZ:ui:;{J8 q40Jok^=?Q;(9pbeQE;t~jaDbpd'1֋✸){șr\ʨ{eRJ)FQk9fX|z|I'O.yw2PD/3],kp% ['AW| ٹkhd 4TpS3Rz-ZMbާ}tqM\͡"\DR!Ɖ<1Q"J|ޡZ/.2TFI+.yXVB9TԴ1,BYL">˰:緡<7?M(BC iʍ8x5#\OoTSQ-NTE4^!6ED3 VRyFU㺴=qF^e1XqPOܡ(wHF[юp\鋌&i'AIٟU,"I1\;}'`gMs~Fރ-m\0*ζI&"/cq\+#6a^J٬cX?jicnK!38C/YS.^%OV#"TK*beddd%nm:4Ƒ P;wU C4lSfm2)Hd,1x9'9RXy7B^aQN<N޻\Wbަ#z7`!*5(}ѷTɺGی]?Lٓ:C14axli^d0=wZ1ۭv;y O2=i<+\I<]r׏M?<6{I=6W|O;&fOry'0P;3~B+{ppFCΙ,="[]l 8=0fAjPi;+V5tDVfdl{{zG3ZbtIۢkk䝝aꂛVk"KYi^<-lG MV" !tӆ2L!3HkbASh&t&<{ \սjﺍILs;0+fc.pV  QwfhVu%J@ߝ}2sYWbR*J}Vxo6\9ϫ0(|%Lz6FX$+Q#clƶ7h&ݙn=RЈMв ^77D؄H^%te&Kހ=^D C90J:BcŨ,FE0̒&`0K Ӌ;XH>J5"k`RcEq܂wY-Yrkr3aTs N Pބ:@\MnB,ݦkjngn{ʇ}>Z=JE0{^f?t{%k;LqZcc&ȡN O:!¯&2d\QU@M}nuig94HPI({r_i< ow~%z C͸Hg SKGR[rpW+V{v{اWV1T7aa|mCj &SjAoLx7A\BzypR QCnm+* &-4[x0:tޥĤ.OIDPJȨ%HjGM˸IUzlpF4VJidF~풀{XRs[YcUoLǿ,O8\sl`DІ־{Rˇo,|K&bpϛvޜrOZSNq| ]* zOXNdZAz^"QS"TYYqy` ֣zsP.ɖMŨ$8;aׇȒ褌2##1O42Y2} N d1GM'I,Ţ((U{}og]¹O៚lE~i=[B_(βeGg.ݵ5a"7YB>PzE8W)"o])j}!YZ>6>2$Kxv:2`xY~NN]9Mќݔ~2Rw67! oHz$aI@Zګ6( 瞻ww]/ET pMďk@#!JEh&ZĈ"I@SL&*Ą6 :w,j*NڱVN ilg:Li$sklg'?;_㞽ܳg-L_dK7x^:qa[[t[gw._h9{weߊtv~,vVvfg׭?қӣ{ݫ MU뜜;c9H};!G\Wy*C7v~>Tn,+z5Gh/zm{ET2d7KA5 QF*DOY Y=SO Xe2]βL)#baMEVW7/cMSkcmխ{)B+ Pqj񡅞Q_x+uVDw|aHy"ίR3;6`=OTVIhɽJLXoTH1+s\VHOyc) }h V{ƿMnHP?3=/7UK@oQ ~Ie$pGq`)L=~` @)P+#|bh1`?c D v/N ӡ=#P??rJ_B|6:$TvwXs'2\ :;(m0jSmR\VWF݉3Xn,}7V+M:R]wj&k.t 5]C>` p{]`T_l cV{H&kM, B(̜si)umI8hKbVΤHLM7[_Cm =6e\I >(( +ov;sr3Y ;뜶9x-r<}ByYe,]؋H5uƈ1j-(3Flk^׮5]ϹǕ*s]u.nI`:8x.׈b)EQFQ7n,3u@3О_f2"hvg2mc'.B@ е!N"zѓT DZ Xr2ާrҒy~Z6R-7 }@T<WT} 6\5ao(2oˡA @;0 ޠv23Hwx"m*e{ӪUOBZ^h&;8/슘#fm,m呩MWlHf*^g~g~g~g3_˓4.*s.a\ ,fdF(-];pMΤ&5y+tdJ/[U˻R(gyyN ',.ɫ&=|JӘ[Mޤ|˻ }Wſӧm\e$$zK$.;#NaY1o'*;E?u_p8m[b#_.jb/ɐ1XxX! 8V'łJ<+aĹ^5'; ;ۗs9l4GHsLuLq8C-rLKc4C ]l&Y<%k̡ىëu+X7ƯuLy)nȢ'CYKVVjNqOV~r⇪mHvNcu|պG6 k۵XeŰ.q0{F^V3_Q֎2 Je 74k6[UAѾ,"ĂtȄDLe4!yWx? `޼MvŃ7O~/us#mO}m"H*=%C ID.>J45 ZYnͪZbJLL4!f$7!HyE? 3Xs5Ӡ F4?08\ ݮv tJQJ+pbMN) SpRiX:;A-p^;ȫ;X5kB{D#/6N'Xo.gq~Lƥ[js,1)OF#9 UWDawuˆ7ӻ݈*"}hLwם# 9ش喗yNvZ9-fVܳ܆ݳ쾽mK#}aOc!zbKŶ8CrCB&c84 ,i5uB%7︿!ߢիߨ>stream H` endstream endobj 62 0 obj <>stream hެT[o0+Մb;H*YxHHƿ9p)jl!0pσ(\8 =|H\M@(V}ڇ&y(\0Bqq{EnV/SL. r>Ӳ䭼զKC]ղd![>?ո;#CM;ڴڲύE& <8{BH,JY2i?ӹI̪qˈsG߷. ;;pU 0*xMtGc/˂G.50t%"1u5Zt`.E vN RhON/x6b]7LJ YD'Vߋ$]]m t"I_l$3}2R¹+,NhFa%&Ni+3">BwU9'[LxWuy=O*SZI_cETgt|vBQNy(86p>J@қ ~}?ҸkW|3v 83#k i}T{i_چfuïF@u9Ө jl8`?g=e*NlXN$_e6/@o4mpoV7::<Њ֡i%.ӊ٧Ǿ@ .#~[\ /۶nɏZI*wn_n,>%;xŽ9}`zs endstream endobj 63 0 obj <>stream 2015-03-12T13:23:21Z Word 2015-03-12T09:24:23-04:00 2015-03-12T09:24:23-04:00 Adobe Mac PDF Plug-in application/pdf Nick Tavares Microsoft Word - Egalite%20et%20al-FLTM_PEPG.docx uuid:2859a23f-47b0-594a-9982-87637ac07858 uuid:cc78de5a-e9f4-9546-af41-14bd3b5d6ba8 endstream endobj 64 0 obj <>stream hޔп 0W7H..P8qE\Ti>qTGL!Y LI8%\.4)[];ItaڕJCS#"ػ:~8S}~:zX>}a,x&5yXJ)4yhw_Kn| endstream endobj 65 0 obj <>stream h\ 0F_.b2ԤĪV2U i[s0yTa6\,^(d4SJ?U{ 4_#s5TY"})\@ 4t]߹|j ,/{Jbj[G#G? endstream endobj 66 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<6FE75ECD8D274C02A71937579F9194B3>]/Info 89 0 R/Length 221/Root 91 0 R/Size 90/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream hެ=Awשܗ;^H4*BFh$U"!+yNc'O&ΎtPB1,%\x#ZMASw'|R3`N^<Uqp}|Ktߙx6koKv vwn^5_k {87/!'7wQvbcBe#m^~Fd0A!IW( endstream endobj startxref 116 %%EOF 53 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 63 0 obj <>stream 2015-03-12T13:23:21Z Word 2015-03-12T09:27:24-04:00 2015-03-12T09:27:24-04:00 Adobe Mac PDF Plug-in application/pdf Nick Tavares Microsoft Word - Egalite%20et%20al-FLTM_PEPG.docx uuid:2859a23f-47b0-594a-9982-87637ac07858 uuid:3afa8c3f-9f53-5248-9707-77d2c8ce4717 endstream endobj 114 0 obj <> endobj 115 0 obj <> endobj 116 0 obj <> endobj 117 0 obj <> endobj 118 0 obj <> endobj 119 0 obj <> endobj 120 0 obj <> endobj 121 0 obj <> endobj 122 0 obj <> endobj 123 0 obj <> endobj 124 0 obj <> endobj 125 0 obj <> endobj 126 0 obj <> endobj 127 0 obj <> endobj 128 0 obj <> endobj 129 0 obj <> endobj 130 0 obj <> endobj 131 0 obj <> endobj 132 0 obj <> endobj 133 0 obj <> endobj 134 0 obj <> endobj 135 0 obj <> endobj 136 0 obj <> endobj 137 0 obj <> endobj 138 0 obj <> endobj 139 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 140 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 141 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 142 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 143 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 144 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 145 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 146 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.012 Tc -0.008 Tw 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.6 566.36 Tm [(R)1(E)2(P)3(R)1(E)2(S)3(E)2(NT)2(AT)2(I)6(ON I)6(N T)2(HE)2( C)1(L)2(AS)3(S)3(R)1(OOM)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 18.886 0 Td ( )Tj 4.894 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 22.764 0 Td (37)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj ET q 67.32 524.12 658.8 13.92 re W n BT /TT1 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 312.4476 527 Tm (Middle/High School \(Grades 6)Tj (-)Tj (10\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q 67.08 539 659.04 0.48 re f 67.08 538.04 659.04 0.481 re f q 67.32 485.96 99.6 36.72 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 511.64 Tm ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 187.9449 509.24 Tm (Black )Tj -0.362 -1.34 Td (Student)Tj ( )Tj 6.314 1.34 Td (White )Tj -0.306 -1.34 Td (Student)Tj ( )Tj 5.51 1.34 Td (Asian )Tj -0.361 -1.34 Td (Student)Tj ( )Tj 4.872 1.34 Td (Hispanic )Tj 0.25 -1.34 Td (Student)Tj ( )Tj ET 0.851 0.851 0.851 scn 433.8 522.68 72.96 -36.72 re f 439.08 520.28 62.4 -16.08 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 456.2098 509.24 Tm (Black )Tj ET 0.851 0.851 0.851 scn 439.08 504.2 62.4 -15.84 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 451.8709 493.16 Tm (Student)Tj ( )Tj 6.406 1.34 Td (White )Tj -0.306 -1.34 Td (Student)Tj ( )Tj ET 0.851 0.851 0.851 scn 579.96 522.68 72.96 -36.72 re f 585.24 520.28 62.16 -16.08 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 602.3668 509.24 Tm (Asian )Tj ET 0.851 0.851 0.851 scn 585.24 504.2 62.16 -15.84 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 598.0309 493.16 Tm (Student)Tj ( )Tj 5.833 1.34 Td (Hispanic )Tj 0.25 -1.34 Td (Student)Tj ( )Tj ET 67.08 523.64 99.841 0.481 re f 67.08 522.68 99.841 0.48 re f 166.92 523.64 1.44 0.481 re f 166.92 522.68 1.44 0.48 re f 168.36 523.64 68.4 0.481 re f 168.36 522.68 68.4 0.48 re f 236.76 523.64 1.44 0.481 re f 236.76 522.68 1.44 0.48 re f 238.2 523.64 72.959 0.481 re f 238.2 522.68 72.959 0.48 re f 311.16 523.64 1.44 0.481 re f 311.16 522.68 1.44 0.48 re f 312.6 523.64 48.001 0.481 re f 312.6 522.68 48.001 0.48 re f 360.6 523.64 1.44 0.481 re f 360.6 522.68 1.44 0.48 re f 362.04 523.64 71.76 0.481 re f 362.04 522.68 71.76 0.48 re f 433.8 523.64 1.44 0.481 re f 433.8 522.68 1.44 0.48 re f 435.24 523.64 71.52 0.481 re f 435.24 522.68 71.52 0.48 re f 506.76 523.64 1.44 0.481 re f 506.76 522.68 1.44 0.48 re f 508.2 523.64 71.76 0.481 re f 508.2 522.68 71.76 0.48 re f 579.96 523.64 1.44 0.481 re f 579.96 522.68 1.44 0.48 re f 581.4 523.64 71.52 0.481 re f 581.4 522.68 71.52 0.48 re f 652.92 523.64 1.44 0.481 re f 652.92 522.68 1.44 0.48 re f 654.36 523.64 71.76 0.481 re f 654.36 522.68 71.76 0.48 re f q 67.32 454.28 99.6 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 474.92 Tm (Black Teacher)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 189.4362 467 Tm (REF)Tj (.)Tj ( )Tj ET q 236.76 454.28 74.4 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 263.5299 474.92 Tm (.001)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 259.5338 459.08 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 311.16 454.28 49.44 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 325.315 474.92 Tm (.016)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 321.3189 459.08 Tm (\(.018\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 360.6 454.28 73.2 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 377.7699 474.92 Tm (.020***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 382.7738 459.08 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET 0.851 0.851 0.851 scn 433.8 485.96 72.96 -31.68 re f 439.08 478.04 62.4 -15.84 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 457.701 467 Tm (REF)Tj (.)Tj ( )Tj ET q 506.76 454.28 73.2 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 521.9069 474.92 Tm (-)Tj (.016***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 528.9088 459.08 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET 0.851 0.851 0.851 scn 579.96 485.96 72.96 -31.68 re f 585.24 470.12 62.159 15.84 re f q 579.96 454.28 72.96 31.68 re W n BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 594.8668 474.92 Tm (-)Tj (.065***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q 585.24 454.28 62.159 15.84 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 601.8688 459.08 Tm (\(.011\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 652.92 454.28 73.2 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 678.85 474.92 Tm (.003)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 674.8539 459.08 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 67.32 422.36 99.6 31.92 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 443.24 Tm (White Teacher)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 166.92 422.36 69.84 31.92 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 180.442 443.24 Tm (-)Tj (.005***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 187.444 427.4 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj 6.173 0.66 Td (REF)Tj (.)Tj ( )Tj ET q 311.16 422.36 49.44 31.92 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 325.315 443.24 Tm (.012)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 321.3189 427.4 Tm (\(.018\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 360.6 422.36 73.2 31.92 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 377.7699 443.24 Tm (.019***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 382.7738 427.4 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET 0.851 0.851 0.851 scn 433.8 454.28 72.96 -31.92 re f 439.08 438.44 62.4 15.84 re f q 433.8 422.36 72.96 31.92 re W n BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 450.7049 443.24 Tm (.006***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q 439.08 422.36 62.4 16.08 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 455.7088 427.4 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj 6.266 0.66 Td (REF)Tj (.)Tj ( )Tj ET 0.851 0.851 0.851 scn 579.96 454.28 72.96 -31.92 re f 585.24 438.44 62.159 15.84 re f q 579.96 422.36 72.96 31.92 re W n BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 594.8668 443.24 Tm (-)Tj (.051***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q 585.24 422.36 62.159 16.08 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 601.8688 427.4 Tm (\(.011\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 652.92 422.36 73.2 31.92 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 669.85 443.24 Tm (.019***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 674.8539 427.4 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 67.32 390.68 99.6 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 411.32 Tm (Asian Teacher)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 166.92 390.68 69.84 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 189.442 411.32 Tm (-)Tj (.008)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 187.444 395.48 Tm (\(.007\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 236.76 390.68 74.4 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 261.5319 411.32 Tm (-)Tj (.007)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 259.5338 395.48 Tm (\(.005\))Tj ( )Tj 5.315 0.66 Td (REF)Tj (.)Tj ( )Tj ET q 360.6 390.68 73.2 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 380.7699 411.32 Tm (.015**)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 382.7738 395.48 Tm (\(.007\))Tj ( )Tj ET 0.851 0.851 0.851 scn 433.8 422.36 72.96 -31.68 re f 439.08 406.52 62.4 15.84 re f q 433.8 390.68 72.96 31.68 re W n BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 457.7069 411.32 Tm (-)Tj (.004)Tj ( )Tj ET Q 439.08 390.68 62.4 15.84 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 455.7088 395.48 Tm (\(.005\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 506.76 390.68 73.2 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 530.9069 411.32 Tm (-)Tj (.002)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 528.9088 395.48 Tm (\(.003\))Tj ( )Tj ET 0.851 0.851 0.851 scn 579.96 422.36 72.96 -31.68 re f 585.24 414.44 62.16 -15.84 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 603.861 403.4 Tm (REF)Tj (.)Tj ( )Tj ET q 652.92 390.68 73.2 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 669.85 411.32 Tm (.015***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 674.8539 395.48 Tm (\(.005\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 67.32 359 99.6 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 379.64 Tm (Hispanic teacher)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 166.92 359 69.84 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 180.442 379.64 Tm (-)Tj (.009***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 187.444 363.8 Tm (\(.003\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 236.76 359 74.4 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 252.5319 379.64 Tm (-)Tj (.007***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 259.5338 363.8 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 311.16 359 49.44 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 323.317 379.64 Tm (-)Tj (.008)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 321.3189 363.8 Tm (\(.019\))Tj ( )Tj 5.287 0.66 Td (REF)Tj (.)Tj ( )Tj ET 0.851 0.851 0.851 scn 433.8 390.68 72.96 -31.68 re f 439.08 374.84 62.4 15.84 re f q 433.8 359 72.96 31.68 re W n BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 451.7069 379.64 Tm (-)Tj (.006**)Tj ( )Tj ET Q 439.08 359 62.4 15.84 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 455.7088 363.8 Tm (\(.003\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 506.76 359 73.2 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 521.9069 379.64 Tm (-)Tj (.008***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 528.9088 363.8 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET 0.851 0.851 0.851 scn 579.96 390.68 72.96 -31.68 re f 585.24 374.84 62.159 15.84 re f q 579.96 359 72.96 31.68 re W n BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 594.8668 379.64 Tm (-)Tj (.053***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q 585.24 359 62.159 15.84 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 601.8688 363.8 Tm (\(.012\))Tj ( )Tj 6.248 0.66 Td (REF)Tj (.)Tj ( )Tj ET q 67.32 343.16 99.6 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 347.96 Tm (R)Tj (-)Tj (Squared)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 166.92 343.16 266.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 292.9149 347.96 Tm (.88)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 433.8 343.16 292.08 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 572.3048 347.96 Tm (.90)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 327.32 99.6 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 332.12 Tm (Observations)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 166.92 327.32 266.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 276.4149 332.12 Tm (5,329,010)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 433.8 327.32 292.08 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 555.8048 332.12 Tm (5,511,410)Tj ( )Tj ET Q 66.36 326.36 100.561 0.96 re f 166.2 326.36 0.959 0.96 re f 167.16 326.36 266.64 0.96 re f 433.08 326.36 0.96 0.96 re f 434.04 326.36 292.08 0.96 re f BT /TT0 1 Tf 0.004 Tc -0.004 Tw 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.6 317 Tm [(N)-8(o)-4(te)-3(.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.23 0 Td ( )Tj 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw 0.254 0 Td [(T)-3(h)-1(e d)-1(ep)-1(en)-1(d)-1(en)-1(t)3( v)-1(ar)1(i)3(ab)-1(l)3(e i)2(s t)2(h)-1(e st)2(u)-1(d)-1(en)-1(t)2(')3(s st)2(an)-1(d)-1(ar)1(d)-1(i)2(zed)-1( sco)-1(r)1(e o)-1(n)-1( t)3(h)-1(e F)-2(C)-4(A)-5(T)-3( m)-6(at)3(h)-1( o)-1(r)1( r)1(ead)-1(i)3(n)-1(g)-1( t)3(est)3(.)3( )]TJ 38.254 0 Td [(T)-3(h)-1(i)3(s t)3(ab)-1(l)3(e p)-1(r)1(esen)-1(t)2(s t)2(h)-1(e r)1(esu)-1(l)2(t)2(s o)-1(f)1( t)3(w)-5(o)-1( sep)-1(ar)1(at)3(e r)1(eg)-1(r)1(essi)2(o)-1(n)-1(s f)1(o)-1(r)1( )]TJ 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw -40.738 -1.366 Td [(e)1(a)1(c)1(h gr)3(a)1(de)1( l)4(e)1(ve)1(l)4( gr)3(oupi)4(ng \()3(i)4(e)1(.)4( G)-4(r)3(a)1(de)1(s)2( 3)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 15.999 0 Td (-)Tj 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw 0.338 0 Td [(10;)4( G)-4(r)3(a)1(de)1(s)2( 3)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.193 0 Td (-)Tj 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw 0.338 0 Td [(5)-1(;)3( G)-5(r)2(ad)-1(es)1( 6)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 4.685 0 Td (-)Tj 0.004 Tc 0.338 0 Td [(1)-4(0)-4(\))-1(, w)-8(ith)-4( th)-4(e)-3( f)-2(u)-4(ll s)-2(e)-3(t o)-4(f)-2( in)-4(te)-3(r)-1(a)]TJ 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw 11.883 0 Td [(ct)3(i)3(o)-1(n)-1(s)1( b)-1(et)3(w)-5(een)-1( t)3(h)-1(e t)3(each)-1(er)2(')4(s)1( r)2(ace an)-1(d)-1( t)3(h)-1(e s)1(t)3(u)-1(d)-1(en)-1(t)3(')4(s)1( r)2(ace.)3( O)-5(n)-1(l)3(y)-1( t)3(h)-1(e )]TJ 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw -38.775 -1.341 Td [(f)2(our)3( l)4(a)1(r)3(ge)1(s)1(t)4( gr)3(oup i)4(nt)4(e)1(r)3(a)1(c)1(t)4(i)4(ons)1( a)1(r)3(e)1( i)4(nc)1(l)4(ude)1(d he)1(r)3(e)1(,)4( but)4( i)4(nt)4(e)1(r)3(a)1(c)1(t)4(i)4(ons)1( w)-4(i)4(t)4(h A)-4(m)-5(e)1(r)3(i)4(c)1(a)1(n)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 32.65 0 Td (-)Tj 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw 0.338 0 Td [(I)3(ndi)4(a)1(n t)4(e)1(a)1(c)1(he)1(r)3(s)2( w)-3(e)1(r)3(e)1( a)1(l)4(s)2(o i)4(nc)1(l)4(ude)1(d i)4(n t)4(he)1( r)3(e)1(gr)3(e)1(s)2(s)2(i)4(ons)2(.)4( R)-2(e)1(f)2(.)4( =)-1( t)4(he)1( r)3(e)1(f)2(e)1(r)3(e)1(nc)1(e)1( )]TJ -32.989 -1.341 Td [(gr)3(oup,)4( a)1(ga)1(i)4(ns)2(t)4( w)-4(hi)4(c)1(h a)1(l)4(l)4( ot)4(he)1(r)3( )]TJ 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw 12.361 0 Td [(co)-1(ef)1(f)1(i)3(ci)3(en)-1(t)3(s)1( s)1(h)-1(o)-1(u)-1(l)3(d)-1( b)-1(e j)2(u)-1(d)-1(g)-1(ed)-1(.)3( T)-3(h)-1(e r)2(ef)1(er)2(en)-1(ce g)-1(r)2(o)-1(u)-1(p)-1( i)3(s)1( al)3(w)-5(ay)-1(s)1( a s)1(t)3(u)-1(d)-1(en)-1(t)3(/)3(t)3(each)-1(er)2( r)2(ace m)-5(at)3(ch)-1(.)]TJ 0 Tc 0.004 Tw 36.741 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw [(I)3(n a)1(ddi)4(t)4(i)4(on t)4(o t)4(he)1( t)4(e)1(a)1(c)1(he)1(r)3(/)4(s)2(t)4(ude)1(nt)4( r)3(a)1(c)1(e)1( )]TJ -0.008 Tw -49.102 -1.341 Td [(m)-4(a)1(t)4(c)1(he)1(s)2(,)3( )]TJ -0.003 Tw 3.838 0 Td [(m)-4(ode)1(l)4(s)2( )1(i)4(n)-1(c)1(l)4(ude)1( )1(c)1(ont)4(r)3(ol)4(s)2( )1(f)3(or)3( )1(ye)1(ar)3(,)4( gr)3(a)1(de)1(,)4( )1(t)4(e)1(a)1(c)1(he)1(r)3( )1(ge)1(nde)1(r)3(,)3( )1(t)4(e)1(a)1(c)1(he)1(r)3( )1(e)1(xpe)1(r)3(i)4(e)1(nc)1(e)1(,)4( )1(t)4(e)1(a)1(che)1(r)3( )1(e)1(xpe)1(r)3(i)4(e)1(nc)1(e)1( )1(s)2(qua)1(r)3(e)1(d)]TJ 0.004 Tc 0 Tw 41.983 0 Td [(, s)-2(c)-3(h)-4(o)-4(o)-4(l le)-3(v)]TJ 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw 4.657 0 Td [(el)3( r)2(ace,)3( s)1(ch)-1(o)-1(o)-1(l)3( l)3(ev)-1(el)3( p)-1(o)-1(v)-1(er)2(t)3(y)-1(,)3( av)-1(er)2(ag)-1(e )]TJ 0.009 Tc -0.009 Tw -50.478 -1.341 Td [(s)3(c)2(h)1(o)1(o)1(l)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.653 0 Td (-)Tj 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw 0.338 0 Td [(l)4(e)1(ve)1(l)4( a)1(c)1(hi)4(e)1(ve)1(m)-4(e)1(nt)4(,)4( a)1(nd s)2(t)4(ude)1(nt)4( f)2(i)4(xe)1(d e)1(f)2(f)2(e)1(c)1(t)4(s)2(.)4( F)-1(L)-2(D)-4(O)-4(E)-2( i)4(nc)1(l)4(ude)1(s)2( P)-1(a)1(c)1(i)4(f)2(i)4(c)1( I)3(s)2(l)4(a)1(nde)1(r)3(s)2( i)4(n t)4(he)1( A)-4(s)2(i)4(a)1(n c)1(a)1(t)4(e)1(gor)3(y.)4( S)-1(t)4(a)1(nda)1(r)3(d e)1(r)3(r)3(or)3(s)2( c)1(l)4(us)2(t)4(e)1(r)]TJ 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw 50.882 0 Td [(ed)-1( at)3( cl)3(as)1(s)1(r)2(o)-1(o)-1(m)-5( l)3(ev)-1(el)3( i)3(n)-1( )]TJ 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw -53.874 -1.317 Td [(pa)1(r)3(e)1(nt)4(he)1(s)2(e)1(s)2(.)4( ** p <)-1( 0.)4(05,)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 10.395 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw 0.254 0 Td [(*** p<)-1(0.)4(01,)4( \()3(t)4(w)-4(o)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 7.009 0 Td (-)Tj 0.005 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.338 0 Td [(t)1(a)-2(i)1(l)1(e)-2(d)-3( t)1(e)-2(s)-1(t)1(s)-1(\))]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj -17.996 -2.366 Td ( )Tj 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn 12 0 0 12 72.6 189.32 Tm ( )Tj ET endstream endobj 147 0 obj <> endobj 148 0 obj <>stream HlV Tf"(( Y\@E 4jXˊ<G$j|1MhXD|Ԙj4ccFc4Jjمc9{/wof(zy^Zc 2 h_g"k6œ}(@?3kav~ o0tYncjQ+c[PTܲ$d:=~|qa(jٻ RԼOǬ—Z܆Gkrkdi_/[/ _ mڡ/2;#`A'tFiWtC {Abi0zمYkdGnjg4rX2G(va ` BL@%]Bx84!C1[qJqo N[4Pl,a_ &+h:B:N=/`uP8 1jٯU _a2Ґɝ:RQITܔ2zj=NQ4GpDcF؈͸DQ4B qp0Rۂm2M,}؍8MA4 CmeM/P1R{]#<8.o= 'v-n'L(R-ιCaF$ J%6xByQ;:-(A+J䰼Y "Ⱦܖg\ߩRU}cO;`H&JTK$jk%v{jp'-?dQc{֨F0TP9IZ^_7M0;\宭Fx/ߎ YWo pGŶh\FRZK˜y< @eS=*-HiWEz+̕nDoa0;MȖ[ D넰68PG d"QO\*}N܃F~o\AmSriI 4TjmaESxɦk֮I߹lcר4j=ܷ'$s1|N:)S|~Ɲ×EnDǧGh: _bh͠l*EYFi m#'Z:Eu1=}98牜Y\ȯfA>ŸI/%.M"aWI7j P-U;AuAթ`I5 ru4S9f1*MզӦf9ɜjlHTbdO0nJE~@gxv}))p!O-.UJ0讨2&JNki+'YtVB:o!dTEra %SPoF' . onIGS4qa+u~mQ$RõYpW˹3ԽZ"A.u?Atm;2U>b+"K,ylbx]l vgg[ ;f:S'GF8)>6 hg>{qf5֗jj*;qon ܄H&!TޘBUtUt5 \wWF;XdVv;ح]p J;Ltڵi;-8VM2tz|{s)i(ʣjmC+BܵӡiS {kRSUI:&Dm @%8wSbEQ !Q6}uZ︦e5GfBlŧxUW\CyJr6)81goIyD'%\V?z0pґ@rRkA|mZkj5lKX wxŃQnWV^+-˝D4ײi$n&L!GzC42|$mEXͼtR4FEq9I۲e8y(#y!vUz A,zBd` ! C 9^F)U;2UdO>jAt(y@:(0ϗW 9&jzr΋B怱t85axpxp0N #1Mm!7_(n[WXv^駿IRgF7$URٮb@p9=%2SA8`xUy%r@v恫sW~@&~h}O>ÙCJ^t,yTtr (Xѯ΂wvCM5DJބMFT*9Xz,"I&G٠[p)ySAYUrߠJ Qh&J*Mؖ>A=@E}),>Mf}gb2 >ՙ*͈OJckeB c`e^>YДx\N.Mw&nيw㙍PR[َ?Sn {{J XƜ ѯǑ>9ڪCޗݞ>IY;zoܵqmo&0ii2Q5\D?AOr89AUoĪVM7Q: LVDՈŎZ\-*Ua-94tL ڮ 0,>3]*bӡ+P wD\b~ (@؂JfUM\_ڿ]rK{X:F,v[,|_/n>}c߮˵' UJAO!t=`;v#r_Q8u (|Qkf[-\ӥ8 0sSsE5f\0ff.(flv&J4PyDz9Ng&@Qgu.$I}ԪF՛bh*L9~,iu)SelIׅB7K{:0cGxDgÅ3/t/ɷv;, ;x;{anqCvw/.#L 0PxRgs4'FSithT9VY}r׌;j2t-A1 F)fc~Ύ&α}wr}IpK _! ku t@DU_n`E1Muڍ ξw}ݻ}L!T$'V%崳S*,A<(G(_ l1cGfHL2* ^ڇXH޼K{{09EEI0oBTQYUfDPXPZRRH"%BìS0 O͝)j฼M2c!IS š!g)4`"3kP # Y"'WlִYMie`5q>)ڠc<dTs@'yC|cj >WOHjj ֛VOjxGёX0C| w-D>_cMΟ5V8z`8cAU&S՞h2O*U;X YƟ  yz!fX|:/b.ag A`cQa'A9lU6yUBGo $\ٶ؅8ڼs-wCN?\0Ȣ, xEg|[ Βѥ䣴.Pxۼ1يZa+JzmbgKcSĄd / %9B$R( <h"M\]FTDnd)!@ dW3һ̚5_sbM<;3mGEpg8]f؊cћ(AVԲZB,miie8e [qZ|kMƹ/N違\ixBg^]h\?,87Vܭ?O7. TCSс dm ώ7Wd"Y;=~`JfajAV:V&K%rw{ y|Gz ~cv" ʽGD/XOas~ZDT 5Ȃ#H6m儺ǎri89y o_m=.BT3]C@g<9$@v|Dӵ<`1'~J>]&)XqxH38lx h7k@7vvE>" O:SJiꂞ* :3x̴vT/%1:9Ύ eYQ] zvL ũ!;\&k$"B:/nOdc9F縢]_r+X#]r\N t-Oኟ-O 9,a\Bs/^g/Q/p=q6 :f_3@}2J9,6~QOnn8^1N?\?jZlӫ*k#Zv ͥN2"0۞?XMae{QJݿ(YgYgfz,=[8Kq+a&Y$l̰ҫ   )+ߥ!qO4%: v n]?sM׺=ԗ%SPV$>{fJ y<(, B K3 b`;Hʖ&.c aq*0g3P9KŦJw.DoePP\T{= $Nh4I6> ( [Eά$gl"(()/Z>%6>:+*4'(Nu2ʰ3(ٰմӷ15{@| (k Clu`#G dJj]LR=HF_Gwz(mTQFM' +~a/oljڗkĐib??4qd[YrDQe+2kFׄ޴ZMv)ZM$4Nffoh*ǷUIݳR!4'L e%B[MxB5^Р"m*I⶚H*X|W{ly}v.I|N}6җZ^״lmlUZZ2i+bc ː!iCHY U#fߟ.?&;~>[ZӉIy$b$6@J\2c`,H=IB!~QgRϡKI9Rt) Ձ%c8SE{D$=`ؤjbe.3/zB{W>DE)(4hU h q?A#p?Ӣ2s@~#2T4R#x(Dk=iv4kgg≉^́&]^&5=wߜc9۾3Xz̻gY·gPdk'͹*[W@1?XSI8Lh vJ&BtĿΊcԸv}N鿨qnYsk_iO@ZKͅ.oR]Aޕ1$a b5oHM_ m-XQnrut\zsűj\h@46(aDͶaH`,])TiC]/CU]ug3U;ݠƟ.<\/gܵ{w_ʮKxHϠG׀%| ۙHBoiLÖP8E{^ȩUʗ;8LL(?MvQ n<{X[Ǐ(χu/1fIf>9 J$Q*j>DE)hSmUVFCAIe ׉2?h$8{eTQmݘ]k5n6ìvG^ ]Y1bVL-cl@iG''%g-x<}cV|$A-\U'N2zRT;COx"OZEa1E??6)Tq$MM\I, da/6+w.sr xvD]TݑNjbV{>'35Ϻ<7k͍(s[M:%}3˥+f#(]-PAJl|~lOhnG }N['c" :QeZcĀFHn_Ҍ ZMaXT!=ސCҋAk#r59J2a0~<{(hPK7~}c̈jf +6h-tndhTgxwzt0=a{>ƞtTǾ~x66񎒼w4toCWf7лbIjvMhh:e;[gX+ڗ+FwVH`aP'AR jWr<}>" . b`1Ž)%ljH48k?*F aA za$.{@]uܷl ^ccggO2Y+B*hHU6#_qyaD7@{bk 7UZ Pȁv =BxUYt dVĖ˳ZZFq!$^yGUm8PS5]m# %%?1Pz[FKzYxOڝ>h`DP{uHg#;ZkmcTV=rBz{ԛgzBdyEw1=}J?_lTa5v>\vOBpՀﮓ(=*d0fIt[E-H-29;>Ner\ǽ eEEEZ&ࡪЀH.ɄHΈȋݩ>5*EТb/ت9V]][Fm tPQFk-t~% r= gHyrXp<_>kl0ه YL%Gށ.5:>W[}_6MU1 rp)6+zV X?սKg1}%:Ut";5RԖa*c[ 9 ]kn7VawF9Ҭbd,73Yw7qq]Ik]J{l.Y-ےlL⸾0CHP\ȄMRR(!L`lH&q fS:}KNN=ȴ5`ZYg0`--CIv\QQ|[?g>5QkM ,iFBzFsP=-PA;88lut( |}A ߵ,HYtp@?d)_n, w+j4˴]O?ʜ^ X~0,^h;Zuz{ֆ6 Cm_lVlxmMXA:`T&:A@|kA#UkD-@8X&h \ّ5v;|GȘooCws#oMzeOf,6ѿD>&Y 2h9s?uplÛ1{;)UGʖUUqe+5Xn˳(tWrtdV4 Oc"7?m (wLI WCQyz#| h%kQ Q>Szy |J+ްbL̉(<7T~ayz{}`Z[E={:g 6[e5!Í&KU]kN\ޠ'7"•DiF^*=m-Ҟf ȻuIǰuDY9o'_]Lx l( ;T $0tr2:)˓R:<*j(5Ww= syl>dÑ > zT,ѭIo s4*ITCĔ"b@&x<=BD9h"s8Î_IN0pWW?TAY_.q#܍ø ++Ņ{gy9Ļ.KdE<3t*<"}qkMt Wq(Y~az:w" ߘ qTJdAuDUM mddv:ri0CA_cQ8R9*2 6߬.6?sx?tͭYA}g?j#*o^[+4Xx΃ln*#q8ƴ]IAPUH,۪7T]U|^j`5wCy)2](x!Ol_NRO c1!K'&N %zt5 7w)DumXmF:kPlbʜ6)1T֦+m]41QW%7q2!(~޾to6)dɑ$Mh!>116ňƌ1ٰ%+< 2-g ]0n?Mo6 [*i$UKIꆀDrmR9Ծdnq)UD[lT$uS՝w0_ .wYyj5͆ ^B~yEa|sHEl~R<;=瘴E1|54 68wrLpXZ/d#NU6<8XC4}P| Gex|x2Y hme!Z$v1i B}XBFIO7_D4蓠"9wFE{=9pUR,sT;ն`3o䏡Y#R=|Y?/<ڏY(ח#GmadðȔwJMpBd|.rC=I![lQvn!Uhɾ^1>X06jE -Z¯7&lc/ ^dOD~ՙwUx;fNB K}*>R܂yLyfTgLyrUy X:”¤  <r[0nʽL>ŇÓgp 5Ë]Ӗ9JAAmTֆ~=zޥzJWuEgzd%ܟJI4rVhLhp]{RuxWqۋqqĮcכsO|$/~1>%: y'*By=D=-X:^brirٞ E=4Ua=;ͰڌAWA_<@֠ʒ[P >,ϧ j1,[fY°%6`ш@b2#[mHFgdBu>aәfےLH.#9Cl&R"/I뉼?+Es ՛:'=?!ꑗ}߱n]fEtV,W3BCŁ*WNxjK2IX$Fmɸxx7YkKit&Xc5˳EcV}fsUMhBX5O>UoZ+V}5 #T MsE qH&o O9 (ƭ?U`XvaS+L`t>lI@ ?K endstream endobj 149 0 obj <> endobj 150 0 obj <>stream HdV tW9/ xUn\y xJnxjz^EUYQ"+Vot_}5~VP~ 8/>,IyS; PX tشF9~YZϩ5kM6;_i(PfsrYwNe+rMNW\Ѵ|m/1~"r g~}='j&BJxuPP kCQ7h&hfhY"nb? ш hC(CEc[m(n@>OuF{-ݎ#8*a-YuS6uB]KjGf9oX:n$>wiDe̔mݺ~Qӣ2NEeͰvX>O,f~;+w)7grMɯXX|Yw~87$ {!n"J9$G\P-XITi*C%:uRS7us=^/ 2G_`Yv]8uf:'mzrSKCfKQAdY,'g&TAE͌o,nfCO>DLd#d4qO,,7eFV.b Qn}$VbTJOTo5P !4HPxBc_ t^=]>%ݭV:.ݏc۱a3Ҳ#1ɱ<45V߻ i7+uT1Uk;Wi\@O6tzpv ١&-^5M)G`f-oGzMX/6D]&W2u .j+KՆ@-T#d 9wL3VkܓTj^Q]e"y|' ]WH?US3Kq)gtFm A'uGט'Z;>~L XbiiiJz0yUa+Z*uɷX0!Qm|P&PS?$$H(2^4R-cCT,ͪBe2PK xMXm@ ,Y-^a7e[Cejő<_lg 1Qx{2$zXՏ5( 솘ŦcV3yjSg]KQjJXv&.Q1n;ɿ [穝= sbYK3}^˸e*tP&CB]`Sa"$f ʝ6g!Z+W%ok4Ύڳ ݻtҹSǵm:6&:e+͛5m8Qխ\Z!5k8 qs|V;33>0v{9S\9A3׳ԧ]n>=x$+ݣ\;~``6iI˘ܓ*CCiCPn({pwQ`G{R*j&)_Swĝ`Q߿/֘9 6~51n0 @kJ1Gդ4U'Riiқ4i&%Ak0kfS.JM%RH5gˏl0GJk05РI8|s˕8K.SlL(jt_&ph2%:*?A+'d.ݙ|YR?N[Iz7-M$ VyHа$o%ఒ'4YxN$^ӟYr)'=8 MP/prPr`K*A\.\ʤO xX$yx璈Ь"U) ޕH0ڕ!9#Sx£zRĆOրR>Dp \\JkeJݻ@gsHʐ?fP"`dcWA.FZ<~ټܣ֕ޕV8@}epp =kE5.@~Fh4u_t͖jBA]L._ua2Y-0!1_ӾG.7-@mT%~3P0`1458 C^1p^Ɍ*FQQ8c@Խe sZ6|o*XΚ GWZ[9rm=x=UP̲l2svsѡ;\e{;qx=sO~ 6jUM^0ns|0g29GCh&C*?M< .{z_dv'{3oܑH\O5:>J\C⯎yuKQ>h"D@ZMLX6Ź%ù#>OMwYr8VL\燶K~us3wŚU =DXVUZ9Uy~! 76LEk_cp;`6'svWr+++WQÇ+hm6מ먒/ G(XRL!U@(2:r*"Bt:/b#._{ݾ[2t:uKmQRv|eUxǸ45~!4RYdi*6^>)5G_buBS0Ꜿiu^sKdEbU-֚߶3Z4*>ψ>5UTo.7Ϛs׈Q=m`W@Xq.PSPjPib= =h FS};ܾdbmɾBImOݽ@ij$Ip괉ĿVk=CX܉EL ֋FyD=iϼG1Pv(:I4 kلsdQ{pPYQIX] a5gɰc[u 㨜ucS``<F<b jMAcj1"~wq7^o \T6WG;BAr>9OOg/{鷸-so5B,hmiۼ.&+sڕ֖%v%~ H B:iӵd@  )PRR@$ i'4ÔaN\ꦡO3d 6=+X4; $Ȃtgan<b:JTXGXy@ULAnʑ?|ʼujڣU^5MejC6]=0S'wTj)|N)+dx14W:!\/s,, ulnyk/}l>~v2uK_iՌYX@,Y/[Y:Ď^~_Xbkm&asy]~{UG*y}z?(RyM W.oZrN 3MK@9pЛEx4Rs夼 qX)J8 w5M5**6Ԁlu=i6e5)"aJ6:i)"ql gfX\ku'#aa),ɒbƚNm~de)ȇw.nn_W %j/xȞ d37TҬ̙-Z-Q% $wYr#O|#v+&lvuT5* 3@vqU gDIl"I,ٔ'|Ҹ;~EtM7:=z^t꫈rXF)6 g]bH"?&d_>ãKFz3k_>t3`!N eӄ½Ap%噄)MJ^=\{tPAIDa GX%GyN؜z&&l<ߟwp C175y^ߤr ҆Sig;c+o6;"?ָ!PGL_-qRhv=ZtXX-rYM AHb~3H ,#nz\:XnsܹP3N s _L\v^v]WqА+PLy^sxI|2V6ĊVU5ؚ4akrRut}'^O~-.&;/}b6bqm-P Y҄dBRD ڦmPǨ&t%BR 6niIQ5{猵{g[b2j f1CMxAĄ*0`qO],t\-QF=ӓȰ{`쁲Swr2ɜP<1DeӄǴ$o'ՠW8.x{qm^/JTBE P"Uq^/\HŦF-&7uU-Jսe7_䭡u·-ٰڰ z<06y=b(?..p4'pWcxG{>>_U?a;Ac}wA_Znge"9h| E !8Bd/c: 2cw +:M3|73x-yb>x{o >2!en3 q#pاՋ#Cen"' FsSwGe$Em! &Prݤo_~;;8Y:0S,dTR춺hN֦ O~1J 7Wd;&hL໺(w1n -*V'm-Xˋ vw) OS@b~R. 0\܅i,\^<"edFaG邊I9a? .mk־߭ךVV6E6>%K J+pM꺱D(MEqSC=#/_L?JV,@"Cs c_j"עeln:)es4+<4δT& F񦗄'up 3v^qTG Jk;"?!Vɹ6mr9;nhE,Cj:Qj?\hR9=ך[O3=\#Ae`dWt/O٧hǡvS@P)@1C/c 4&f2#u:$rSW89M/O> u{pO-73:)A`n K'4ȬWp_UE*$ZlrYI䧗Ѧk u;b&/)u?4gO)n<Ёi#Jt T8$7{s2]uXp+ @Vuj8)kF՘4טpKh( jHm`2pPi;ſ p @Fkhfbdt>,Pb7:ײPJg+.&3{gvlqqwM.;]CrC4YQ-F` `]0uM:A'2*ĦTe&Mb>ɤJ6fP rI4YYy(>ѡm=;/5ʴOƞ6Ԩ^7:-8c[+E<6|OVhuƓX{Ǝx<' 5fbGsq[Rf5cq7!bERfũtAW?#4]&gZEK{$!D$=˴ė]+'`fɮM'ArD"[eIgFcE{…2سG[/̑>W kQX 0_IR㍷bā~Kh9g{f)CXvZ7_zռvb}oϱc<}qniO>BT1;ekKk< c+1:ͱH&.Y !)vP" m1yBep e*ƦzCEqʨrTcTc;Vjd&ƛ찲n)(Kc?U'cH' azN$Bs߽Sˆ[?ocDP 4XEF.y-0q٭By+?^1_5|ڗ"h ZŹ^ $DJFQ\dG;G\g̖m\} qCv{BI.nd9wl2MKh"TuTR>Cg*Uhu:$Ѩx3rcGl66ߺaoeGt)W7GhL{}P *P *^Ul&pq p3ǘ+ɮWpnCGIZ;H%;l͞1N.qj2"{Ap3#lZ+4jӫc7>olNoq>DG VzꦚfGԴl*5hhX쎥5M~&*Q fPҹ  bw1O0W[[{ZfuƜamrUU% 'ڢyVuĤuiW2|NcZ*k\JOP5/i&ҽ,+P FrnMHX(!OM?~̰@/]GX2΀'bd1KP4#V4 Zs9uSgɠ!AR0s _hbַ-Դ1g֬Nc^K|Mu˒,J4Ctd֖vr`9vopoxxș9L ʥ,XK*eXY'ENN\a|vu`Pau;ؑ.Ūpc$19x^m_,@@?:IBj8 IIJIǟI~rY}YV Pg9"ԀDuY,uiԼTmaxd(.^P.>~ rj 5c-3cF (ƱŞd^l'e?(!m TXΛS=?XZ4 =:;7pwmyhq?;hKj蕍Mr2YԾjk̃x'_|p_-yA3V*wG1X~`HrH}>v 2} p3d:8rpd*Xp43sHdوrd dA9ܒ.}l~^r+_p(% E#RĬHbВU$ ##HV!j"!6.Zt:l&ShCAWJY9\QVq#̷mke⭨ESۋktqxɺd/AK`)s0zu\k`tyz1o|~Gg=sw"KCo~JCG4c#a(Y #Q-22IHׇu'%Q$"YKWV/5 8kBΒRenivn-ǬƸ+Yc@2I.\Fu< L_|W}l}ؾώ1/N9U hhLjjҎ1 0m+m7Qֵ 4|ljNt uXy߄}{<)}Pl($8Mwuq5')k$ZM-Mǧ>Y2DZC9d*A#\uiiZ nr?$]XOCnRS*1-D  {EQIR:@Oۅ.W5j~7zdߍn0{q ݈J?9L,+^{n~Tύߒs5}V9;%^3|`N˯TbYG7q`mړ4Ti L)WA|a^/S.*WR[`D2BlNWRPT,dIߵI%^$kJeM#[Nsc.*~ UN?/(!r-xBL<m/?UxN^|_9c~|h^QnOTuUCi.N=&rGG7> e6 >S͂i er: 1Ti~7*X *}]"PZѣyIϮFm%YCb*qnnӎu法x*PEW jAմEk)db#GeK6}Kd5:H 5{螏Av놚m&f{aCa.f­SX?*V \mH$&hH*qR;w烾/ƍ\>f&I/}H^NAPH\ĺu?3 Id`L 5csI(5$'In蛶'u].j)>h80ō#< `#+r/Zvg.ghuӀSj(Ln\ faӋ߼]lo;'LeZGg=4;:ff#vYH:NVbIiyNZ+pT:_)Wt]=\/RhCPacʏcA mdIɢ_A q>fpQEmEN*! &űQƃ ˅) 1pa)>m5َb@ji9ܷrskŗ~8_";kJޱwJ{`8*:kD\P(DAL*oEx'.E=ό&CĮgஓ"ĸd(YtxsD%>VJ)^$?G ?7w݈ ή5,ȼ1 6ז7}tc/lZeߕϕ;aLֻ^-[cWdҏ'H& JfzyaxgKxU0%I+aZf~A ™ʽiu|1~!u>}=^cͨԀcH~=F"H5`7?u: !3d*Cmy6[K$vP? H0v;.W";DlbCybGXʪk WWxü3p,tdv\aJ <;?Q%*t2eu}Q[iNAjn?OO-'~0w2w47HBTJt''K4TIUҭl:>|h-F  21۱!pvPQ' wmO1 NI+~D:mG1Ql̹B'G4~(?*->Artq8,d MQ44&CC"©,19z( Y!DATW\Trh"+4Ac=^&Z Q9L݈n.'Hbr5>+ulj˿-S 5(#gjd(XY~\jjprfFl~P-Rv&=MRٺod|olysv}ısž;9'ħfPB[ I/HڄEL,$(!-P v2ZZjA5ҵLl uVT&EX1\Tξ<=~{} 4XaV05pz @" 0*Ѷ-+`s=JKhda4:*yj|5~u@|ӁIyR'(EfC>˗V</`LBN(Lݰ l(F&ߦݷCܞٮ@R R@da :vɏFڇi2a$e(QũTx {F?k,Kۭז_:$jJYUB993&'IIO\m+1_+~Mh3i5$b孚tREMy4HW@  7&M(/'Tɂ{7h*L-FYurYۏ*guֵ՘HR\`DRإl@܏.Iۛ 6QoQiެ`QHhZDր?Ӛ arb-Vc%~e,]hoKcCeN\+HfmW `2M:e-ѶM6d-to֒۾e*T82vLoN}Vg^y'gSf^\WlySjw:D8k|cv[7kJxŝGi9?x~7ɿvc0ay鍥-gj~ -\b!$l =l$I)P pyQ)m.Q Uxs4ߴ^dG?%WJկ| Bzxˉq)b\&1`QL kwŮTA|C7Vp# dA8DT"ޖ0@ױԫoYQ5M5~;\\}#rj ^AG&]#roH AQ^N\*՛ZiHNYl %"9>1襝/!ڐ?{k䪠ճᱫvҀ䆴`0݇ƢcҸ5LپAٱ8=(&?<ӏ I,:>9=#V_O]~?_f/soz+׍?aAb3xC'O(fnn~eڧ3C}AoerÈfXʋ[cdmĿ!ĩPgQ2++8-!H2RK\1aےb{cvQ QhV0wHz#v#ln pYߺ8~O6w#buٕZ׈]59m?./TQM %gC@=+L1+ kUz2).HV+C$_0Y$W?_Lؙr訊͏ :BG@wNᆆp,`lקϮѻsxM:JMUO}}m: qܕf w58Hw@_Rs$JAT!\Ch[қ k B) NІ+N!厵lֵlM@HɴbUizTԤFH'd,'vp=ʹD9-@ՌoYD$&5HI*.r*l!.mXYVRަEj#FD#!VJX;HV8SD &_>O4dƙ״"Q kJkv"^zҩC?mk*gScjIчߤҍD2u}}EAJ$3)dQ 6"MX'"И=zoglH`I5.͟pⰪJE<1>`a Tc$B3\Dx HXZ&x\j"IBӓJbgէrɧhlr&)gI$ڠ5 8YdyLYt}Oqɤ<\83_+`}{ 'ثEZ%W}`JhTD0MEh]]WD1UY:XU’>|OUߵȏ2V Y(lRq QhhHMKXܕc  Ynwk륎G;97ms26Qޙ?cxct^= A~~Hf۔؄Ylʀ8B4F\QqLdMdg68Yp={4h&TЀ D76!'gg%Hp:N|q/:#5aMf9,^&?%k s ? [0%:vD+?[sųYkVX)=Ser$x˘2H#UzS( _[ KeG/v˔wJӡJcs!v0CLh;?j7~_N9F1Uϲ Nv?N ⤷ٹqEqۜ7+c9[Po9yNhqa&\|F=KҾ +P89H JT?;4a'"ЫiN׏&;|}>_?bĹ&>!>Q)I M4% BZDLm4~)؇R궦%"v@0mZa%&6S}߽{=yr-p(-qt[rș< wDZmbMgR01Q C ] r 09e44EL4%R?hY7hm<@=@1hfi40Yf)DSQ)ܭ5Wo888q_j#:#;=}9_H5AJF֋uP`N` ?~Y=go~.<~i}2 ^t|l3Κ/(TjtWiG71 $ ,89]tb N}BRsa-(GQAkN:j~}Cܨ*k-SZN9 q6 ;qqDX@Dt56IƟ}-zS Xb8Zv/GAf~,szт:d[VKU.PI '܅T* g[+: 5/JHLŝxB?$ 8r:$Á8YߙI6"QpU Ut5)G6 u%`w#F^ij6>1! 9G0I3(&lr1d2d=Du0 h?[:E|VSHZ0b$MVcwbg¥Ge yt;*&f x"^էkChHċR!rxƂ+j +rOJIr(Vl\3|FP1cbԸȚCF!Dug1ٗw7 |sx&8L=_p熶zvdG) 'GO:m֯'BG#^4r#7ك̎{@xZgNq:;H7Zc۶0/eQt%l-RlYbFٮmYVQcwx{ m~ϐM0RI\ C 0c.2XZkͦݸDfG@9 >W^3=,0_pT/ՎLJA{BDEFy[) BEu?1ʉG<<Қc5lklZcڂVVW[M_{}B+S!3ЖPcK8}kuln|<+Low}xWż簣ˍ$Njx^z}G IU@m]k|?JIP{MF7ub;!c}w1M4)~bR6x),䷷7&0M].g,HZsin~{ŒLY<2\[؂T.~vQ\#m/@ETUDrW"],DÚ H`Ks_MU*Y?|`2ީ'ysVi|{ޗJ |'zO&WVEZ8^^?V¿N JhAt` 6a rEh6XCQJ$lvnldR\G&)FK_@ӃPB0k%0ZtNik-+eldd)Hk^fٗ/1.؋ْO[k U^!݆q@J$H"lH! ƈ!bЀ0kf  SYC&J*)XH0rFA_=%/2\ù/:J]PKyrkgoq|oNQyuA+0dz MHT,D x%X:p-#uΦ9 W}OWKO[dvS&Mdчve;6xUu8\LQDV8s#m:xVBGԪM'g<`(k05-NGMV*4B@P*>ڜWmƗjs0pt[ 2U[4*:Al(8 ?p8Ѕ ]E\ i sUw 3kߝ 5FC(cv/2fj+5O45 J{>yhss m+gԡ[ToR`=F~ Ճ>ovܧ N)xl0bIsڬB*tW>M$|5Q`z UXmzSo:{8R7 Оe$e@С pؽ})隦Nkw}2@|vbYfل.>)`861ܰG&-Zѳ`.<зOmslߖυ)pRȩhN]QiuY8hڦ \qLݢ֪RuJSUJW!ՙɩUzԬ*=G,iӑB6vwao I_]%Xqf;](Q"j- bA6L30\ Zę'Y.D .t|DC҄%}}Poߖ D? 8',? 'OdE'Փ' 5x!ddꧢ( D(yP5Z00La7 WQs౰3-geg,j֌5g-[m=,| >X܊uӢW,45W261a,5bIݛ̧3[r,kɤ( 9y#/7x_߱F1eF͘1 vX6V 2$6pwB3PICm['t$NcN&Am\Mi1d?/좋Rꤰߖ<\2LxgD)q=L>⇂\<(ifZl qtb=vè8wA<}8Ȓؠλ%jTFDZ:u<_ƚRX?Q#',x1,,R/{[ЇG?vr9E#n,6>G>Th;Fj,M EcaevڞF*!słY]ƞҽR{dUOlj}t;Ko))P,g [>Buj>hEHʥsѯRQHv,䀙]RQ!Tg dea C#v wuZ8}Z>:᧧vFRW%|)hdW:e 8.bMB堩gxg:g?̕ ߻򝯖.w2|\zgw>Ƽ ZKS%5lc\sqXJRGSebi5]; l G. Lq40E(L!P':.)} ЮIXb[hF}&b5S<#FF >ĬpV7'))bx5xdD b*cQib|JvɎ'S;\y8˨g lU]>0W$NcVkv3l4Jh^SgH(e=Zr]q1TڷaU%RQ )XKL%fޫ4:nh:%IDF!V,G;1Y.rq*|3=f{ˌ:U'mnͅ " wn+Qf U *" JlԤقTn"#U(Gc;iDs\Μ̼ϋ{x!cz^F~U׏:rZ#]ƀlQ84d{ZOF2$3(4Ap(:ɢY9XI`*ZhSd,^{szpͅ+R SZ(qOB<9f]JnaȨ}8Ž6k?tL USen&W(AS&7q lF 6 Ä9g)aB\5/Ns*'dٵTYRgӐY 2,gZ'꥗z<i=O=;gs:u(T66ENJ7,/3@ڲ3d[:LK_C'|uf  x,(޴uQ|K!eUGz-dFlRըK-pQD:yO)Rbl RNi tu{sTuڬ2 X.//ZV/+鿖9?, J(=9xtN'f7؉e"<>W[z{ӟR| X8GKyy*u*-(E4^>|73ܵ/'6Te(.1+em%"+фn &>90&7):E;Ȕ+a!A$-츿B,\ʐ’K.ژD-#55-δ,:8ܴ<$4&jʥۀCdG"iM"iJ~! /151ҍ[,H["zlz\0%6d \y>p"Ƹs ;^x/gOOr2",ܢ \hN7,8C<.QbxPIU?*-Jf9gFj\$ID2*SI 0I.RK#,TaZ+ijw.;-R+ c[4I~L>~<7MSLr%zN6-JQ)J *ɩ\2v}4&zq_9 /y\xnˁ,)>ۧw |y':~_|dڡ?ְ[(jX&n+X6)PO# TPF"7QSѰ@\ |I ]bN~]zviro} iW)NsA2@z"F)⽅(8i8pdpy%x/I&\hJm@+}j0ɲ<y3fx9r=^ }Iߤ?ӥ4K!-s@`%BCrC, .(YtRX02ܰK&g?g LTQ%^VԩoO:ڷJ[[N퓡t6$ȀjOQlO{2i6Du!16qQH0-g-fa̸c1:Odovwa 8 ;md2hI ^AHYf`.;DTTY#3{Ce:~/P} [+YRC됢1Qza[`hP!ipF:Dns&{_(7-&Æh{yh)6OԋW{;:V0}$ -Y jTFvP&{<FW\7PO2n&n,W,a΍ :B_@O+Ú=MIN .?Yqt~&dvB9r-j*semfvݹjwgYQL!Z*^Z[ UX1 (<@;ԕ KKHFV(D!R`W|眹seeS_&=/AemgL–4I|uNʕr'43K)'ٟ̏_/\,z{Y:-JKZ{$}_dy -{T 4T=Oo$ =~7=avגJw,wA{SPZ(i*T`yeUA˰,W5CE#,Y:1iAx:!iEnk\bVS|: J|Œ|jX)v ҥe".r0pE>*aq݇=-#0IpR Ru LԑF|&kOQO:W$뜚KtA>5ː,İ<.2*((HL?.e#Nk0VK>ȀPizߴnLBVҿjo䬢0~M7v_(12dG㿅 2?7׀-{;l1J ՖR!1K/}dw⭛[{3+s=O)$ ԒF(˿QuN[ȊwꥒS'$=agI s9ž|b}j ލBUr\,TfQxEb01}5熴hFٳէMS)<}LzξóBeV5q=/{_" XM] `RRTʮ)%(+JHX&)ϓtMeh5ضA760,9qz JrFdۨȒ8XUtH{ E $xJ jp TZEߦtA?x˃4+>_ zmzѮ,#zƸ.?@k K*# NU)8i Ϙ6Bk`3`8дu Y$å%CaF6llge7m~o״ڛ[Lp0$ig;Zt%E ͹ɮiLr1&1(iHIYc6h-&f$Q& o%mB̖u٘[[m-T(lGH䞦fG]lɶq~8G3ȃw wv{94#gF**Ȯ.BvT ZŁ Z)'Q3&Md  U X4м۲<'__>=3"nv3|įSwU1+#4HtocJ^KZa]*-j$B ˵Ġ[LQ` +`|Ji|ZCΗ>M!ȏ1_]I>Wgns=?l3%h_-lxfX; r&GT@#}v"l>{E;"qxLƶ҈|VYLg\6U -˭GA 8Ju9{\H-9<)_go sYx^?K򆘮\Qr \EG.-O!طX%/Phi-2Od,9kPƵ'"vvv7w[{SkZagz&D]KFflYrQew\ʥtTDňW"Żh>jh!5P#-e=Ni&jJ*ZMkYGi}NOR%jewR,gq`Av8 Ł.3<3>L56ꉋ2藸a;W}( obl8gXn?hZ^0+¥XݤOdcwƬTq>QoB`$ Z :`JW`-{!eUB`i){Nm @'g4Pp ;=h9$-m<}௰ Cp/)豢M9Lo8d~c_O7M!=pbt 1F*l:Yp5M=Bڋ"r\/I0<)e=O|zCܻw?:oC|!%xlpqTmB_f[ے#7"=5iX;Sk;S^,׳v^Dr@ M_fi='>Ob )s @NVJup( 5jz@e5ԄTݬ3`,ZX;yx˔!9ˈe"SFQ2A%$ҡt)eHQ e9`aK$,IyNu] !FюPl@ #0 ? ~-IJ[/-p n`CkGloNp?Wolg;'%:bH7˵()zwݒZҦ4l㸡rILhBEThQ4`c`$H]!JT EvV${>{wy1TTTޓ>; |7ZEx_S+u2v@`0\nWԋFǍ%_\oH2|LggK3FƗ3 yEvń n>p'prEπLxE'kd-/`֌q=8U=9`{Un !MwxM4ni G.ӏU%.aϴaa`>̳ Wd:[M!%+]&&5`'M_M o ~?󢳨JꏽMxz0?Ü >zcL>k ĐH2͊_Ba6:(tw䣼Bu2!1OCtbŠ!&W&'q˼s+8hz+FN ]2m_صh]Aj.ѷY'مVz8[EtIGzd;‡A#>2 ;`)–bV{R:{u:Z[a|(c{ wb(_$=NbEeow)AS٤t(m*>ERUsÊͮVzhqNsk+5E½>*d4IIÑt簻7vUJJ߭Sr$ ]dzozqhڽV ^$дۢ'Bd P<&߷ ݿ,zWғYW=;wz{pkBTL%/J8ًED0=ѤyȰojD2њe TK%CG!:Շ5 dv'rI۹ ,pB"Yd۸jD .Ta^,8u :~oh0 I&׏RszjFO3^x6~kz:³\='{C*)dk.|J'HZYxHlZN?$e^+kyekYJND3L֤63a's~9C/u_#ۡ'\A{!ܝ< @3zi_}{-z.y_*J\6> endobj 152 0 obj [/ICCBased 153 0 R] endobj 153 0 obj <>stream HyTSwoɞc [5laQIBHADED2mtFOE.c}08׎8GNg9w߽'0 ֠Jb  2y.-;!KZ ^i"L0- @8(r;q7Ly&Qq4j|9 V)gB0iW8#8wթ8_٥ʨQQj@&A)/g>'Kt;\ ӥ$պFZUn(4T%)뫔0C&Zi8bxEB;Pӓ̹A om?W= x-[0}y)7ta>jT7@tܛ`q2ʀ&6ZLĄ?_yxg)˔zçLU*uSkSeO4?׸c. R ߁-25 S>ӣVd`rn~Y&+`;A4 A9=-tl`;~p Gp| [`L`< "A YA+Cb(R,*T2B- ꇆnQt}MA0alSx k&^>0|>_',G!"F$H:R!zFQd?r 9\A&G rQ hE]a4zBgE#H *B=0HIpp0MxJ$D1D, VĭKĻYdE"EI2EBGt4MzNr!YK ?%_&#(0J:EAiQ(()ӔWT6U@P+!~mD eԴ!hӦh/']B/ҏӿ?a0nhF!X8܌kc&5S6lIa2cKMA!E#ƒdV(kel }}Cq9 N')].uJr  wG xR^[oƜchg`>b$*~ :Eb~,m,-ݖ,Y¬*6X[ݱF=3뭷Y~dó ti zf6~`{v.Ng#{}}jc1X6fm;'_9 r:8q:˜O:ϸ8uJqnv=MmR 4 n3ܣkGݯz=[==<=GTB(/S,]6*-W:#7*e^YDY}UjAyT`#D="b{ų+ʯ:!kJ4Gmt}uC%K7YVfFY .=b?SƕƩȺy چ k5%4m7lqlioZlG+Zz͹mzy]?uuw|"űNwW&e֥ﺱ*|j5kyݭǯg^ykEklD_p߶7Dmo꿻1ml{Mś nLl<9O[$h՛BdҞ@iءG&vVǥ8nRĩ7u\ЭD-u`ֲK³8%yhYѹJº;.! zpg_XQKFAǿ=ȼ:ɹ8ʷ6˶5̵5͵6ζ7ϸ9к<Ѿ?DINU\dlvۀ܊ݖޢ)߯6DScs 2F[p(@Xr4Pm8Ww)Km endstream endobj 154 0 obj <> endobj 155 0 obj <>stream H\V T?1!(*CQ0by "F,.q955KR qKqB+Qؘ&jh͓l_ljRR0 yi-c@ @`56 nRn; 0)~ m6wGS%FJ­D;q{2c퇮<|ݸ$M8GIXJ<)>fZxU2[U9osv7 ˰w(-QRu'Hz!bsGHGJT.UoRqO lYbURޅPZ覌Pq]f [_¬v]$o!>]'p_3^2XΩzy˞G}#1V,c1- eqIWAI\U-U'žc 8d,I\ܓɛ"ȻrT#X]lbkuĪ6iO^+a"{I ZZH+J#ɔ4^&|)elrLNm/UjZn;']iYgÞ v.{uQdǢ/k*k1>>pgwW0ljFHZ7RF,Y&+e|&WT+ ꮒXUj@8=[O9 ie8n8C*\)1 jl2jj>>_* *1WtuHQ]XD9sw.I>MTeL%3c:5؀,A2 O.ͼ{pU?ikEīXGWc}UU~!C$[qQ?+QX-p 똵NV[VcQmU15$H(v8V-rEcbjbU-@;8.m3 Xw_#DoQo*[nTA|ħ@\d}ӳ 2AF#'IheR"=^c^38!^b#g"d9vz2Qξۅt4EcSfΘͪ](^#v d{z<'G-rk JsÈhFrbi { <_S8󬜦 E91QDE;hShUjq8[N.&î+BzKkk/tG=y7zS&J|ͼaiBgAinìJeg#SF2<)m;,la ggWH3z_`';(Yd㇧c'w=EuҹS+#;k6Mu-7 he6y ci%* M+B:֮ӹRSJcsMΉt)tp vOUqgwmߞ hw/{ag`{>Cjlp;+k0VJ Kd!3H~ao?u܏~P%LRa$"UPIդ}fvTU]53ތVj?Km99ڂfOZYsÕ9Htr 6n֦Bs9*WVm0kY6mNN٣c`4':m!s\;fmwp؞Өj%Y.WdrMiS/l:gsD:0|E ޘ]|VD˺3c'1Fybېi aHs:TJتj;e<~m@;i65M9]ҚUZ~rpWyswέDgY[n3'6qw ̬"ҞGAq4: 7ٓ)?'#DZzԇǷH5靈ԛ2991¦3!Ë*FʇloCw}gk 雏/ķ'n,K)OdI&G|E%<37]CQa-3{RW+R 5utU%FRDSRQAZR9]kƓƯ5\Jnsn Y39L$_ t!Gj36J"@u' ^w EPWܦl:tƸr>FxHo(MG C+]kM@3%@Ĉ]eP0"0TUKh$ Zl` WFRHA|H R bB]A.D|ƾN8^FAzL~?꧲_M%T򃑿|2B{JW\HYVJp[VٸHV]tg]H,%VY \$ECtzJ  NA4A*ՠX `5x#Xg{UOݨL{gQ]~VC$uDR-qN* .lNs8@XZ5n&-xTw܈r\ƅqюWb5yrG|E -w ~C|Fq9 s|k6n k'wȋ sgKWBmjb;hej!OmUڦU%U3?ϻ =0:[ًx ۃR^M xlW0mGul!rAGW lVdvVtwҝxRfetF^Pn]V{&`_78sClYxu)>eǦMZC]c z|BBz3 au'eP_W֥j CC5sVʞHmlתUUv~AոZ\?H\JYS[c?ccbc1ANNv\ݣ=z:/=,D++ Xpv ' M8O6 Ogua$n 4aCB-,p pޕp a_{;$!]V ;}$ PVA+,G/ +xUX8e9{0'2,I8/SaI8QГ‘&p:'E`L$ʩǩOͦ.TDŽk>Z]ȗHBуCEpA:UG3WQRzL@ws  1عOVe@.Aą, *gլ $$,VWE!&$+ hT'Wa/+pS] 7jAX'y%q;Ga;/*& ~1Qa_r/X6ެWd:c=ɿl)|3d5~"!mcV?BcΈ{UPkȻjEM*3n?߇ @HSwuܐ{J-Λ Oa4]OÇkR暔R}*W?C F2Ym hK1X?Tޖ5^$v`d<]Rm鶴pKKj#TޖuzJcx!Hn,Z<=.D)2jP—F|L4d|EƲQ.m m 'V_;o;:u_D_R'їpo-$KЂ,A{{BbR[ZLUp3eMjպe!(\PRDYm Z0dߛn8RSw _UG;yI endstream endobj 156 0 obj <>stream HUMO0W1{;q+hB 8lVRZf<3o޼Cm6 ~Znê Zdq!jx opſY02e>&28Q%eJۉπg@Nep~azq (YYZzg9Lof7.%+lIYV .Y2޴0Ȓ,`b6--`V7+Z\p[mz'3E :nfm=_oY_-n̪>St` B1[C]&;CJ-г`72.޵p7uݵ}4BHңb}-Xc`p#movxwtؒZ2Yz"U|N2Wo jnD.:Y0{L A'LLeٔ&x]oIMkLhlY1R]5bDz{1^<;ut$hG+I"҉ Lt1 y ˂?C90e0e5}~;+ endstream endobj 157 0 obj <>stream HMo0 :‰ tu^z >HYe'n ڤGKI'V?Fhڇ޼u]ݵ h`& H$_IT0 V[&{U29ޯCr)DӘ!8.eoWX$ f@ ι|tfP{h?YL"[G/A%iU(+} z;@r6ƶoEB:q|M^:p}&GHR=,M6-r#salۊz^'nQ]>LQJb9%Kb~Rfsx_J6F: fh&5r_\#= endstream endobj 158 0 obj <>stream HVMo0 W&%7o0K/Em'WI || " > :zJʱƩOuW7vowuVW_WgaCFr6Qrp; V![!`UJZս:.6fi߿=rxA4 5~cE":YLNIѩ}9m)'4h`0R4ڒt, " BDH ItʑuVۈSc g5.gpRF$ w[|^3 `WC {y58Gn\/LNfNZu!Ǭc!$CXVkNߺ] CW47!(@Ls [xFfHk$]t|* y?B/k`Б|*>aiıeex{{ ^£JtO{ԗܲ%oV?mN:S˚nH}]D>'v|ȣ<^#EH,;<HWH&r`BO97^)Rwұ3Xvv ac3&l zxBĆ' x#vFeyݨ6 qjBHXrf6G endstream endobj 159 0 obj <>stream Hn0 ~ Q%Q3K/Ab`I%Kr؉ӡ@&mkPÿ, $yjRxlD|l `QzAFZ)k^OmR>7U汷Ĵ<:~P)'*8'k2Nj# ''-}IhCOSx. @P2(`Z'`9VTs -4MЂ\e.Xn%T}I>F}O;ĺOp8&Vpg9qc}NBd%Dž )#E3߶n;dΜ*رMD4W|LT*~s8WS0ԡ9YI#Ջâ B(Y6NW!#c%FFF/ &!"YCװa/3B ھ +kOW//,Yw,}zazog:QkY<"sH&qz nպ]MիPu%NJn*6Qy͹V&/[ٶ΁iuHn53bŹzdFr2 L@ˢzhCQKqsjZR#х-f'jhۧk{}(K-b% endstream endobj 160 0 obj <>stream HVMo0 W +ꃒ+Pla\zRfk ؿ%'Nl4-/.{ȳ<EP ? BK ҋ5wl&1ϾdoJROFVu^IT޳d|]V|DI. 01 endstream endobj 161 0 obj <>stream HUMo0 W'%] t z2t_c,9[wy#H*F( 6s3Q`V͘Y9vD+D"9rD8T!89:-V25C4GNM҂59AۚI%EtHuAXӒp:Grx@~#buzel|Y&g`3Ov=/#dgJtD^:@Lߐ ?>VF2|"X>5QݯO՟NGwtKν>՟˸ɜ# HIɗG2.tOk4!G+̓t~L.RoO{ʀLRHsV$djM\)1B_Y#E2{T;SIh*IUSH2`4ޛSf@9QLaDz737Z([f΃ 7MWN99EH%\]j[y''>mB:T$ƕ=Aú2^5ܽ=c-.}cm$z-J`Y ,h>stream HVM0W Dc$[[ eƴvCg,˱eDZ3<=rNBtJ;Ut,Z*Q%#2?0"4BK4ZlZ jjߑpzhc[؈o Жv(خ? Q6? gUXqA̗[cH+7" 2B$=`iلF%n aTU k74gD^P-=H$3L ٗg]N?:Uи,@'³.V^ 83k(Z@ȯ]*i)sw<˚KPtnPUW0; 56 Z/[lDa| aPZ<;:Bҙ$'˛~|xC ~ZCޒ0. # ʄ7?H;` eg06܊8gUޤ46-|A *O]626!c/^Y;b_3.ljiT@W2ܿXLkHRb;i~P :1"'oy endstream endobj 163 0 obj <>stream HVKo0 W&RO^tmXg`^42`ْt$Q<aQ$?~|6Jğ/7͇UDS~Y T HD=ϤRD|: %_xmfOLn<Ͷq%ZOvD808G2XKp T= kC!fONrtz䋀H^>R]W1,3+X0g˒Ta$_u ` `8X#IF@& PZ, d.q:2NIDU~b Gd5<=befx"'SiR/=Q`al"PQ#[>vНgh-бܾR]-:.Rsޒhrt$*z4+0S|YF UPeU.bTYx~*VLU-\Y4m.v*argGWHL*0Sw2|:i-GTX'5IiFd~x_ϱ=ŽwDv~g9:7pij#D>pN5 %xE8FRY8 ,8S#x<(c͡b_^7 endstream endobj 164 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.012 Tc -0.008 Tw 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm [(R)1(E)2(P)3(R)1(E)2(S)3(E)2(NT)2(AT)2(I)6(ON I)6(N T)2(HE)2( C)1(L)2(AS)3(S)3(R)1(OOM)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 18.886 0 Td ( )Tj 4.894 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 22.764 0 Td (35)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 108.52 719.64 409.92 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 108.5199 708.36 Tm (null or negative results in both subjects as compa)Tj (red to a white student/ white teacher )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 692.04 64.08 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 680.76 Tm (match. These)Tj 0 0 0 scn ( )Tj (results further bolster our primary finding that assignment of an own)Tj 33.021 0 Td (-)Tj (race/ethnicity )Tj -33.021 -2.3 Td (teacher is a valid predictor of student achievement gains.)Tj 22.742 0 Td ( )Tj ET endstream endobj 165 0 obj <> endobj 166 0 obj <>stream HV{W~|߽$Unre!$J*;AV -m(#(2ƘhuFk:]k{Z0hyo9s~ywF+hHX]ϗ̝8sT΋y%O~!#.켏? x$( 7{7=k)ԭ Oc׾dƬ%oM:1`5..(ɞUw~e.;הܺBvQSϨW}iYno3F){!S|{`gϏm8D=ԇ)ϡQLc&lMh@Z׮A[>J! ;_&H= i*J"y SÈFcٶIN-jcPNopG$@$?^*آz^a=^,!$3қ ԡt>ڭ(+n]vgwI7 c# 睏 Ae7˙/.Oqgp g Թ0rR>rX5BDnJR*_-$VꬺzOlԻ e3fWUg3ޗ<$e/0lZVsZV23wsֈs%63 QZ_/2 8"[r'M)Lީ:ڶUޓO+ܖI49TՓ&jA䫩D*S3*ڧf:TGl=MW>m)+ʊz[|:n[ ;.7ڇm GcCMc9̙<4BVݻaqn7f+-uH21'k;Oi\%P-:U=SeTBtFkꁺa(uK"GMI;>eXMsHPI:urިNe]UpzZˏRcx YwX:F\n/'kd^zv2i;2 ${!MW Հҝ>%0ܰk-̝/V)̳⻂Ҳ㰭(+*2uɷX-3#խð3&?Jğ^P! ')Ѥi}޹w9s=ۗLtTm;K#*UKXuhfTCkfq :!NPN4 FINQ0T݇f=_/as[GZ?$<"]*1QK> PJ* ve.0| 9J(i4btcRJ2Dڥʮ $Ƨ``瓯F &RÝeW55ӂٲJfƖtN%\1H堊E$)AL͔5#e{3QǸwd!r>AA/. /HQVR~Wa2 >֑ښsD "\> b~ @{"'Xپdq- )dƢ-.jHPhS5eO쌩?cE}7JfeyIWuA@j?.)1>$'"G֥"i{邜V9 X`K24Uѧ׏-Ĥ떭gRpX"݃CRL/+E.% #(HU&$}bsNծ)b'Ai>-}2>>0*y|09C0ȴ+A*I R!]tx3Ġ CZV4ޞHemϑLX2Y}St &R281p&:z bu9 *SC1xn<򄅇f~g.ZilX \CODEtO sQ[pi UHD@kGw9!GΎī>9Jao`8Tw-}돗4ZUjVp9N.LN=rlN#Ѩ-TUG΍, =ovE'mlxCEkdDd_=gDȊ\q/k2@Cz Ոp0D3}Fa1Kꠚ2UWpƀ 9c}l]I>|Xd)YDv~f6lZ wn6]:h D5ր3`%ՋLo,R=р\")Mû3Ͻ ^lM6u1™u2mbz&dt\:ZnH ;@ zNZTgܞ^o hS5+OKy[ҶԻ%InkEfWF_eN0N)9p7}! \> {Lggg^8QX.C2gdd^Ex5K<Ꮪv{M@H0>hսLegzPjzoc¯7P_o94DDf pfXI/6އBrȡLh*t; Yؼ 텙B,rv!HO>dE!Wk Ƌc9)G1=e4yd ^J,.*}\Q='[tC-!nۤ]Q]u?>rf{qwo6dYl@-ghJ&"`!a(l" ӱMR+H3B&(TaG0CQ&wQQǛl~^qe+pww?}^/jy/oǴ4&:9"LMU<3_CQX6`%U0=NiD* pG0q|98QiltxxOKc6h:5E$PgNXn#F:HH[/>o=Odݰ ʊ55ZS;:(\/*Z듓YqWW}} ^ϩ¾K9P2"FIU UREHܛEG{0]=~0{7oybg_۴{ó]H畘NU$s>^9l8̽Yzm}E>MK5S$‹؞7 F Jފ݊,cq29)ʐɡ<å9 dY* Qg(>}*-):43+,ں%c_2C vs6 D\lgSo K>y#{OwLQx,Ԋu+붧m8az8.7 ٵ!'z9u2c*^ s baw"E*ܒ+IQĉwI9,*(p2odvEQ9ϝ0?KMW*L’@ XIe@5tδո]Vt&yWVUUp66썹b$̍ oiՙFӿAJd`=}/B> KX˭3C``52(Ur{y>9:/g5Q# q(5~o; "`{n([vaGl)rO<$ E~/pzG07 ?fgրQRtSrg}>Q`rSw͹3YF H'8hJ $|aP1Ei%SY3F wT1H e떡 .G! cьª,2v|%ތ?N+>sXFB `1kvl?o.zTzүd'.8zw'f;7Ѯ__zr.d(zb ,hTuYOΠKLj!2$f,3?0DdtjDWZ(٩E32:i nMX?&=7,*.ew/7# }yPG:'n%`f-Fd <u4*@q9f0pS4]^ΎJ5C}dmQmCkfj^9?q~ݫx' PB$VaqD'z G" [M0LB:ʡ0liL0U"ZS^ pY/]p+NjӕCp?,+e&KL"{-:>2>Z].:^]G>oV7ysݴ}@!ҫW\:JCom}Z;OsuED` [P y2וUz(.jNN\e.ÀG.C*˓eEe7xseH?Ȯ&3|Nbwwg_8vr6!^\(&]IPLIұdSG *&Cvk 6(db[FҘVZm<ϱnr-O率8n'ƽ᡾<aN@nLђ'6FaDܻ__ǰ`,4MA"Ͱv]jI/K|joo@RХҳӷiӿyc}p;%eYMsenơitFN/GnR#P }6Hr'vq?*-祐us--#OK%.Vȏy.⪈&[ %D|`X~:O_F+uU[8*|Tz i. ->_]Q(|o!(UQdiĐmnWM6^=U*jc]l7FuCj*M&#WORW\r*Ai`H*h6LB/\F= Wʮ$J/l7c]y lo5@+ˣFEh/mHs7C4IFS4ָ}yFqtL}=ٛ Zrd7_z2a7OO&v@{Ǘ$[&Mm:4iÄ$jZXW6aHIVͤN(6H&G&MsdLB%LBl &;포 C&Npi(rlim+S2ׂx͞!ʾĖC^[rW RLrV9Wm~S{6{c@#]5'{rZ '6?e;h/uv`_^*".1dJ{Zm^ |<@iUGyh2rdO@8ISDzx|CRB^osP]cIwZY&B-\-|>[PxyR ~R[޼Fih֣wMN gFɩI o< 0u'kA\MD]3hB5!wf%QN24XBt2Z`kUQ0r9I蕭&;oyub,:UQpR׮ G?=ٯO lIӃ(kiP}mj .pΰ)6F";I + nY IxdD gۏf(`o?9?^,+h@|Rݍ!CvC@V8F2<2+`{qڶ6(\7i IC|L'!>0XSBǔo8p +Suf%b(c߫ᾛ;Vy~8vVϜ^?s(ZB(pς}dDN69ܛrtZ`akaǜc.* 19I!+N '){Ɔ:xW70[5rXWE՟ ų[e-YV#* ڄfTV@jghWYjqL7nѷjj\ax1ŒN5d庺 JZn$!$'Gw( IY1zHP餎R$ 9S^&ј5kH,f/m7nec#I1ɘHftS6[UeҌM?!L8؞ȇ!3@g`3쥇}tnyk\d]#AQPt+5n?BнP#5ǷPg/1^x3ė-7 r8Έ˼|=z>ag-QӲӖߘ818i8Y8 N'vPyDkH3k닏@VLLe`z]QW߬x3C_ ",H駅^}yMf68Un(rܞ.*t"HEIyk`E.%I.E4cqQ6tUj5QX2LQUͲMf1Mhdy=nO5Esh)DtEhު喜漥P8pYQdE"V C#Dž`zUxKi@qxLѴ,%GZ|$ [h)K/#2Қ6&0y:U+Xv|/M^Q­k- % |C *gWV?ƓY e X`F$rdm\#[q/ hFY~ Zw-`r"P“1 Gʚr!IO',촼hUYbG^RGJ1#ǽYlyh?U!odged(c"Rxrt !%RCSCNUnr<2y{JNh*E2zǚ<>96fg?t:eq.Qa F ǨXLԠAO#R]¥%JJ~Vƚ,rE$VFK=)$TUEe)09/9LoVr0qiP==iTp$ [7ۯijv?sw=[.ߑSBvC#3cGwB5̅UwD'#i;L= Sp] =;WoW+b)h65Mce{N(y?, |$]Kpq l9:(S AB(άƛCKB$;}*f,[NŠiCXa6F Ƙ Am`$ڦҾ)c6hO>:-O魳<"(lV1> J@ B@ģ !Z9Ĥȡ4޶m7PC6thl6 TɯT oqHƈ1gj՝f v4gLu/_u Y㱚V5O!<[ajё-FsnYTIA;A>j1Eڮݴ~),*՘q+ոr᭰?m]juzCwWjh{ BIMQOPiEptœ̧S~-Sa 2-fsc0癳 d(TjMD$vXo_yL:2،aPFerbXSQ(6h2dN6jz7AJ(IuDMڲ5TT\Kt 6:VX<i:Do[Z2n |JP( XSտIn]vTu j\퓸w?VCKSSCxxInVLvy_7pCBiY^ 9O7*핰EG#h:.eFw;w&xt\G3!~9:Vg٢u%g9R"e`+c\`7BHFQ_]Z]^\otn66(B-`?<6\. +C\x1cMx'|3I攷[fEj'/רpOeZ̔B-XcpΖ 8y+%9xr@42 4soz@ssc4ы*'\=S w Kƣe>PXa҅ րuu  UM]<$Zu,J ǒՁ MVR)>ԇS{H񎼚0Zݮ\Kڋj6yĨ,{%V?~!n+UuN*"rdxLؚH!(C$&lLS̳T&S.Umv+,ãծouC&\1utU-ofp܎X>yb'Ol8}vӱ[m~؟ˡF߅='ۨ !8ɬOZ.Z-2D%g &(l Thvu{v}%P1,gr3ƙ́*>7(YG2-_ X &WbSa~Oƀyw /zG\.E͝ _|i 2HЗ̐=H~C$%mѿtgx_8 j oX҈RZdwSU"o0"*.fV-~u2~O7gaJi yҴn,na>怦#q6'`c#[񺂾EYpo|gT6+ŧsb+j}׊f8_ cIz6L{)iO)vǘSqIvͲ x^9]ao0 nTۆFnw;?h1QíUz4zPܤm@>-4C1ܤ":SWmd9h޳exլʵ),OLT$8i',e" EDw1[jcicL _-%Iv%oVQp o,uh{Y{v(D532Wѷ-꟰ËW5?o87ǹZG~J|wBpߌKf'tN[ k=4`WAJ׷d WZ9L1+ K=41hw/'WA $hVif__˘L7dxHuLJ'[G:gr{NPȗB h@fu}:SJwAo9NQ"'ۖ9 O?B͸HGyT_^RȾv 99ԇ|潙gg5djbCVJT %Rmٮ6:ޝG}ة$vdmӏ5M^èZ i,vD@c#hCӦLMciR +RT$"PN].&|;M& `rGSFTk5 Y{;1GEфTOY¡HGB @d|N0KLS\2!1Q#Fsk!l 3Ih5y8f!%$}MSI] J24d#9sԷTArP2JwQdq(-G]ǡ1YufJRBU ~_\ǺJSq&ͭYsT*6Qh=D xzIN<^i}X}V_dvn!,s=YYY}CR6ĝNw< Pnkuͳr QtpV1>dۼ4NY {{_ݴA5DϠ h#=b)T rRj[Ԁ!]-dm >ӫmnO袿JmatQ۸ˑcϮ2 -sԗ=@(';} qX,]ِާ[ՑA*|sy\-'[C][/1"?o[.I,3>IN& fˬ8x/R(Vp0_ i^GqfV[)7 Z 0!s# А4ŽIA/ygH*H!MBo9~LL,{{7jcCj}$}:ݗtl!?UћFi`f.:At&].[ng]4r.ŕjuŹ / @"S!Yܴ֭^qw>wH+4%:SQ ZQv>$0鐥ڪIL<`m> 08 [D}b\R˹t}ă^xWO1VEZ;HS/tPHQ]nQ*^+?ng ;6~PAV `55knBT)Ɵ1z(J֫+K&PxF(NN/Pwm 핹CaL5eqx\' T(񓞠𴥭k$O<  GED5Lɛ1dAQ$rA K@,0yLF ]U_#p,n@4xrL80C1t(:Eg$fqaYЄE0'~r,JHwx"a')nn@M E(]+Wa4ZZdZ0|Y̊Bb,mђxu:XZ%` Va>Ώ3ǼC1j<|Vaqv7nsI^cX+nfz}f Sa)wmUu17#.  3J,9I8^<(zRJ^N{oz97G\Dusܪ;>x T^:]gLqRd2xSdea'xKœCį؄d$SX$ɒ&KJpRgsE@ лa{wd6|{^`'63z!v d0JtIWIN$0,XHX$Г8&6aBfgf^DBm^/,Z扜(_"I!'`jMb3yjkF#mu%)x@A7 _X ׵)Tb[C;N'D'IaZfVj2(ͅţ๰PeE3:<f®&݇~˙fŋM' 2fqQŲoƊ%u:qqYjׯBnZ5`4;)aC҈4/-JOgyV+r){k4evXd\(,Cf AGxԘj&>foc@U OhY2こ%}>?<}l=w88ѧP\>dX%BJ:ޗbxGfp[.jDV+ i^g4r ͒5G,Ww\2 cAjwUKn-)CLnօAuPvAbZkºɴA\7TmVkUɠ|Sn}R.%zxWr)crͥɴKeW=!N {*M (Sd`DQ`eI4YtE<`/b,.Rt[yayE_(fݰ|MPbg]LD!!~T >&&|rb$g -Sebzizk2~BvR%cD36ՈGB޹e=Ȗ&79{v$^m*PN>Y̪׍0&ʴP8+G<;:#O Ow.$1A&a$kF<PR!E] e|t (*>ﯳvG"ge<d#/ 1p7:$3%fc=&U:+uNʕ 32bߔTm˻&𙁀>i ^Y&>dt(@DŽ^ޚ#H rSGzCo]ݧ:Aǂ9:Z$lum9VD&ThacjJd.҄85#a@k]%qzE A]rMG¹Xy[)i K )-Kw%t)}ggo`ntl*(/,M蒁, >9XNБc\X=\۷ߖw*߫xook#9VAϿYyAяNZi" ~Vp&Azೃm69;JNQ)|B19ا`@6Z\o40kл\~#I+y ʟkNM[eQagazb}Æ:f'd$f& 帚(pgBEVZݧJیFc~;TyuYzT>:87wԱ#vV6%;<ȴ+o(HTt( R$D*'3 ^IT(]/ | 0/[?aV3KX-Z,.>I'9Kf>OG%RW3F_&adDd F `1 eVPxIdaۃ\v'=`J/AHJ@ͲXf[_[R%^LBBee4 y9 =2 k"kkk>a#̵kP5@]C]\šÌlɝω ;,NpB<|IXtԆB/^ ]\??7b]+Uٯ}:/5[p*7 3pXY4>|O{Y_40((IEMLG1.ɧB s3=;&GO&S!-D0k}C7,#xIǦq>&uܶ'gZ @D3h1K6Xc);#]6 cTy*PPwtUP* G=TJU"k<+[*? _%[\! !)8kCe E{;amd7mڞ:ho~P唰x<95ϻ_ù% W;jtq2+q^+^Elp^y57i A: :ke Ç55ғ(I~i0b0h ^NܟQv_|xx>[c\N]O+J :?0~s݃na_fw;C0|.E+N_9`X@ {ɯ4į$F3aSf#l* I$Z {(-7dhp (`͊!5ֶ!'Pm'1":Qj^$4Hh3bs~k_j ݶ8:1[%mE %ŌJ3qfFT"j=HѦlQX#+ U؂(W/mumiɉDƖgI3uꓓaw,1_vF8_왲q\8E*UUJ*L3xx|=xƙ4JgsUUqtuyr<9J+54¿\[rRi{:hP6v\v xFG6|dçc$z zڀ.\Gv ݇J/ظfT~XXqTB6wI-rGj5 VOj&-ЃiEUBz']4ӤKt| 9wB\?i6/aGeA |MRu~3p|[G$2xj[Ϲe6>'B;WT:.WnJnFCk͂`%3Z̨pHhfv#7 '*rpG6se{9)Y;W.IZt6ҜU`^ѝْlOH;39[9ԩ#yTgJ2_~7kQYCklU|&^@n A$ʔ6c?M@PAyo/v[qlP(O#V$d=LS& 5dGJ*UFZ#\VFH(j&\&4Jr 21bHwYv%[kZel/ݪ%Zw,~b XY55M3je3IDhHdS}L4K vj!lUfyI"ߖyiw/fΚ )\2WU^71B #ꐶ)!Ɵ4&+ŀ e PCp3!kj 8F&ܮ|JY?+~_Wݮv .7b`:5ŹutFsyyzF [g< <\W6# h 1:\\ЇDRe]$Ȍji+0nD %%&@QcQ*B\D헂WGF9پֽ{vJ1{bSvWbV0o~4zpE~VXaU rJT1~tQ 9]qPquţו1a79ec61N ;8 8{wnP|!pQiO{dW3)<VBH6:]u@(@.H &x}SYYSS]r ?vk7 -k -UE?zQ-.@;$dso=Y'v_yWp\{k_z맿͙Tw_E7k)no9n#9ppJΐ0دD\o4ᮎNFћnb}V KIhUR0_>rKg^◳}g;ӴהXv]: ZY[ +K₶jt`^%h]ɴTL"RPG* *CGUQ61UP{;G{sNPXpn-"$BȿZ&ĮJ9rg13).nD#jf'YSᬜ+S(jʈڊ y-1vj=!  C;=aXz#Z~=&`'z`kúLm#8J+xMq1XSie˰tx}N.m\4^]Ԝ脙 ɵÉ>{ɟi9#ᇶᷡҩv /  0:y7iA(>,1Rߗῖvn6GfUj? ry!p!^.NǕԕU' uqs MSL3ڔfT)!fߕd7{~$XDHƺy{QON}ș#GSsտ0WO2RPhPAHTxrx0~>{! N~Aʅ>Uz,-v$V'}(7Ms .KyYzSgTW# ;V?5n7PfWDoк Ppl̷-ށ+e!H {2X2H]ko]kۆ%觌d.|VBZ$|rrI*8{jP,gYii:1a&ṅTCe\B{.NKp 2U4b\''p"e<PSɺb]]m".*bW*&;1Si--^8OѢ]MKx`WX,<:?3ۋrփ8~Zf%mm7=|A"7NopN%Ѝem4za n0&Rajc8=w/;mfe}IJ!R((R[T&V,~B@SA@HjCP@1uu$~ϝwO|4,|Fp9TȸȠ0(Yguھհ5pO!2c9NmM42;& !fQ)>Pg  pDBTC{dT`%L+LYm6Fոv OIgJgkkE͠9;3 QɄD8j,=5cQ?1"hMJ53a3 B`˨%#F9yY^&ClEyCxbw։tmxk|2ԝmO=DAjhu\vM*vn'BkOd)/x}:xsvxaQQF@'p؁.Nwm`|l7a7d,uzO[poeQܿB.gT‚UÙrT`+$zbV`G} pDZQLc8yhJ][ ]O *dArS6)0 }b/N!yL(qbO"# a F QrH0sNpP2GsfHA<S=`e"ېyƲ@^&Qf:f-D +x|\̶`tfv:}ڧ} [bStLJ4#JICG@- 4))SBm "|pcdΉnΩChD 9ps{vZ*ى du~kF%h0j}sk' ^&/0@aF P bes渾<|NPd9,',=m҉IR/N}lumE\ſ?~E ǽyQjh^dƋ.nVk.I<{1(9>Bј52%d,V??P?g9DriAZK_ǯ_%FCKN1' X]xT?oi~FCQU%+3e⼔.xQtT5m ]/rf8,ĄuMP$D_3Fz_o@洓2` G֭ehFBO!.-kbj\E|LbMzGWmROm?PvTI |Uˏ(ڏo9 : o&{@^wrEP ȶۑӎ}'ATT %ojIg,, l2Q.&XVP{p/Y9 z2tK9;ly0/*V. jjX#=sA=S4Rr4G悌Ko2*3'-d '] |OZ<ެ7ŵ&}DSV i^K:0%1+ܱ;;ևn\4rJΌ匂X v.SS6sy }7i-Gִ;*/g֒xպ^ܴnoYo F‰`"熽Z iB,Hן@Xo~LJQ [Tz$\* ) )^L [$хOgO 6{ GzQ dU'9.fz]qQo [<6|̦sοoFRрeRbAItC4,kYG,ر3(+|<<;;3]zv]h#)4@q)JRJETH G*BBUPj Xsv)2sϹww L;}o3q[3Cg.f2\13%`Svm> LJK77Oy)b֨x@8dS; Uǫ-F)߱޺Iޤ olPulն:qC!yH oqr{9,)RInRI!:Y~{Yd Q#,{9K^AY`60c rjD+ )Y;qǓ(ʂU@?8Nʥb9z\l_d(BEF"8ŲYL&}ۃe\fY.q\s1ѓH䋢X{yQ-&b= XR#nl?˒\QW2A}ƱBHUQ.״ߵi!k *">_&.".^~ A\_?OLɳz]xf՗-PM3;H z>l\h^1ޕ'd'͍v\Jd3+ g;vspb ׉@p>@VSao @I7*U[/W2Dל*煤BBE@'[$2dBq7KG.d@٠f$QL!2$cA) o3dD9 Y $]sT,(qnmT,n%2 c`#YS@F̬AHslyAOU0dY/Qr&< Kӵa]sWZNnYge4gdǷ_y{rF[w%osGZheWoFYW{ஈsk@ռLN'p".Li*ĤL"f4 K>߅V_E: h!r!\EJ' .4W-ivxk2/Vr*6P<:,._:ގ+h[G|DžItm2^NTJ&SO}||JpA^OAgKLY vD.b4#%L Na@ U~Al~C a)4B#;8V, Tzd}`rv>twWA՞I}Nȏ0?4/uO3 Р7ΖKbA5#67ug2[ҬTksoT߼lc[>lѮKRX"D z&[dWҩGZmД7 ~u/^7>S9,eFm38ÍئVsR3)}t.qӪ(;+n`Yd)6/6A IT4 -z ] hKRf\4VhWmdl&6;$,1%HȎjE-M(,+gy[ͶF|9nRiUZˈ”QO-ޙ^L}RN3YF  Nx<42!H3q>yHr`m`H5z i|/ciq`;`nb~>S2sӠ 27Si q@Mjw:LKf{lPe+>)-R螋=8N5?ZhQt& cnf:`{(3 ?lݰS=;<|edC7j5=:˟<] nH5e^A1({g@2 2 y$-P#҇V v0a"\? e렎~Vp'ʝ >փ~z ̱ FcAl0g'e[{y0 EߤԻ O0 14?_ F_“LAoa:Yp[]2e5˥M=]m00 ky/0񓖩=2Ӛ{rNYO˄S+R OeD-;ǷW}iooDcmkPF^Q"rSa*@Q-%R1+pj\Eoj `F=Hu i3mG1J-mZvJک:/)u_R|GLcOtp/Ja` gaǃ4~veUL+V`bng nRkoDW@ \j?85`O8=YFTŪekfFA(y~.9/Rt?vYU`4L#Q`p,EF$<'K6Hom#+1oBW@@:RDzSP?+Y}b ԥ~?[?S8o oyP ptKw53 G4 Bf5l .cIXa09x!xgRc){2ng*M(0.kycfu?mW lݩ`"KOީ.Ul*7OFS+J2 3|G_4*Wb5(/F>qXe Z P%!Vם;{0{s}DnG9y OypnZ/[MGn=αY>9>V [;:n{>ɭ;NsG^>A踿#*s)3>.3>,3^+3/V5"nFū"naB¨F`Fzť%zbʽ>·Иi;m'L}-⦈.fc Y8CwCD!懾iI$oPK_j7Tl؁^z|e;pcv{v`|*4/P9숏=-q; [imLJm,!SuL5b+g5yʕlzo. 3}Zo'` \H3yyEl Br sblb:[L*;a"[=Z+N]U?8$A{q; <,Cb?͐0Xdd~ElDxC5&źJ-}@*%B+6쇳;#QyHf~ʾ0㯳;ӟN'8֩a쎧2.z4<ϿR=vx<:&>{᰿uY̘o>13잱᰿96z@66q踿ܳݳ۳!.l첵ɕﰭմ{ɼ0?IC%e%N8uwd\*yϸ6 ]*6CZHx`֧ endstream endobj 167 0 obj <> endobj 168 0 obj [/ICCBased 169 0 R] endobj 169 0 obj <>stream HyTSwoɞc [5laQIBHADED2mtFOE.c}08׎8GNg9w߽'0 ֠Jb  2y.-;!KZ ^i"L0- @8(r;q7Ly&Qq4j|9 V)gB0iW8#8wթ8_٥ʨQQj@&A)/g>'Kt;\ ӥ$պFZUn(4T%)뫔0C&Zi8bxEB;Pӓ̹A om?W= x-[0}y)7ta>jT7@tܛ`q2ʀ&6ZLĄ?_yxg)˔zçLU*uSkSeO4?׸c. R ߁-25 S>ӣVd`rn~Y&+`;A4 A9=-tl`;~p Gp| [`L`< "A YA+Cb(R,*T2B- ꇆnQt}MA0alSx k&^>0|>_',G!"F$H:R!zFQd?r 9\A&G rQ hE]a4zBgE#H *B=0HIpp0MxJ$D1D, VĭKĻYdE"EI2EBGt4MzNr!YK ?%_&#(0J:EAiQ(()ӔWT6U@P+!~mD eԴ!hӦh/']B/ҏӿ?a0nhF!X8܌kc&5S6lIa2cKMA!E#ƒdV(kel }}Cq9 N')].uJr  wG xR^[oƜchg`>b$*~ :Eb~,m,-ݖ,Y¬*6X[ݱF=3뭷Y~dó ti zf6~`{v.Ng#{}}jc1X6fm;'_9 r:8q:˜O:ϸ8uJqnv=MmR 4 n3ܣkGݯz=[==<=GTB(/S,]6*-W:#7*e^YDY}UjAyT`#D="b{ų+ʯ:!kJ4Gmt}uC%K7YVfFY .=b?SƕƩȺy چ k5%4m7lqlioZlG+Zz͹mzy]?uuw|"űNwW&e֥ﺱ*|j5kyݭǯg^ykEklD_p߶7Dmo꿻1ml{Mś nLl<9O[$h՛BdҞ@iءG&vVǥ8nRĩ7u\ЭD-u`ֲK³8%yhYѹJº;.! zpg_XQKFAǿ=ȼ:ɹ8ʷ6˶5̵5͵6ζ7ϸ9к<Ѿ?DINU\dlvۀ܊ݖޢ)߯6DScs 2F[p(@Xr4Pm8Ww)Km endstream endobj 170 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.012 Tc -0.008 Tw 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm [(R)1(E)2(P)3(R)1(E)2(S)3(E)2(NT)2(AT)2(I)6(ON I)6(N T)2(HE)2( C)1(L)2(AS)3(S)3(R)1(OOM)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 18.886 0 Td ( )Tj 4.894 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 22.764 0 Td (34)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 717.72 462.48 -15.12 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 706.2 Tm (\(ii\) Y)Tj 0.004 Tc -0.004 Tw 7.92 0 0 7.92 98.8461 704.76 Tm [(i)1(jk)-2(s)-1(t)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 12 0 0 12 112.6312 706.2 Tm ( )Tj (= constant + )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 178.12 715.08 49.92 -12.48 re f q 16.6 18.6 578.8 754.8 re W n 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn q 1 0 0 1 183.413 714.5134 cm 0 0 m -3.194 0 l -0.376 -4.339 l -0.376 -4.784 l -3.568 -9.167 l 0.289 -9.167 l 0.532 -9.167 0.715 -9.152 0.838 -9.122 c 0.961 -9.092 1.066 -9.046 1.154 -8.984 c 1.242 -8.922 1.322 -8.835 1.395 -8.725 c 1.467 -8.614 1.536 -8.461 1.602 -8.266 c 1.669 -8.07 1.731 -7.815 1.79 -7.5 c 2.457 -7.5 l 2.288 -10.333 l -5.126 -10.333 l -5.126 -9.964 l -1.513 -5 l -4.876 0.275 l -4.876 0.583 l 2.29 0.583 l 2.29 -2 l 1.624 -2 l 1.528 -1.629 1.437 -1.326 1.352 -1.091 c 1.266 -0.857 1.178 -0.671 1.088 -0.534 c 0.998 -0.397 0.906 -0.292 0.812 -0.22 c 0.719 -0.148 0.611 -0.093 0.488 -0.056 c 0.366 -0.019 0.203 0 0 0 c f Q 1 1 1 scn 208.6 714.6 19.44 -12 re f 208.6 714.6 6.48 -8.4 re f Q BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /C2_0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 208.5224 706.2 Tm <0001>Tj ET q 16.6 18.6 578.8 754.8 re W n 1 1 1 scn 214.6 709.56 12.96 -6.96 re f Q BT /C2_1 1 Tf 8.4 0 0 8.4 214.622 703.8 Tm <0001>Tj ET q 16.6 18.6 578.8 754.8 re W n 1 1 1 scn 219.4 704.76 1.68 -2.16 re f Q BT /C2_2 1 Tf 8.4 0 0 8.4 219.3908 703.8 Tm <0001>Tj /C2_3 1 Tf 0.208 0 Td <0001>Tj /C2_4 1 Tf 0.536 0 Td <0002>Tj ET q 16.6 18.6 578.8 754.8 re W n 1 1 1 scn 186.76 708.6 19.92 -4.8 re f Q BT /C2_5 1 Tf 8.4 0 0 8.4 186.6586 703.8 Tm <0001>Tj ET q 16.6 18.6 578.8 754.8 re W n 1 1 1 scn 191.32 708.6 6.24 -4.8 re f Q BT 0.329 0.329 0.329 scn /C2_6 1 Tf 8.4 0 0 8.4 191.4274 703.8 Tm <0001>Tj /C2_7 1 Tf 0.736 0 Td <0001>Tj /C2_8 1 Tf 0.477 0 Td <0001>Tj 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /C2_9 1 Tf 0.361 0 Td <0001>Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 227.9904 706.2 Tm ( )Tj (Dummy\(teacher race = )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (r)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\) )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (x )Tj /TT0 1 Tf (Dummy\(student race = )Tj /TT1 1 Tf (r')Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\) + year)Tj 7.92 0 0 7.92 523.0743 704.76 Tm (t)Tj 12 0 0 12 525.297 706.2 Tm ( )Tj (+ )Tj ET q 16.6 18.6 578.8 754.8 re W n 1 1 1 scn 72.52 688.68 297.84 -13.92 re f Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 677.4 Tm (grade)Tj 7.92 0 0 7.92 99.1684 675.96 Tm (i)Tj 0.281 0 Td (t)Tj 12 0 0 12 103.6137 677.4 Tm ( )Tj (+ teacher_controls)Tj 7.92 0 0 7.92 195.6762 675.96 Tm (j)Tj 12 0 0 12 197.9027 677.4 Tm ( )Tj (+ school_controls)Tj 7.92 0 0 7.92 286.6606 675.96 Tm (s)Tj 0.393 0 Td (t)Tj 12 0 0 12 291.9965 677.4 Tm ( )Tj (+student)Tj 7.92 0 0 7.92 336.4281 675.96 Tm (i)Tj 12 0 0 12 338.6508 677.4 Tm ( )Tj (+ )Tj /C2_10 1 Tf <0002>Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.004 Tc -0.004 Tw 7.92 0 0 7.92 356.4574 675.96 Tm [(i)1(jk)-2(s)-1(t)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 12 0 0 12 370.2426 677.4 Tm ( )Tj ET q 16.6 18.6 578.8 754.8 re W n 1 1 1 scn 108.52 651 165.36 -13.92 re f Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 108.5199 639.72 Tm (Results are presented in )Tj (Table )Tj (A1.)Tj 0 0 0 scn ( )Tj (The omitted )Tj (reference )Tj (group in all cases is the )Tj -3 -2.3 Td (teacher/student race match)Tj 10.661 0 Td (;)Tj ( )Tj (hence, coefficients are always interpreted relative to the effects of )Tj ET q 16.6 18.6 578.8 754.8 re W n 1 1 1 scn 275.32 595.8 259.92 -13.92 re f Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 584.52 Tm (being assigned to a race)Tj (-)Tj (matched teacher. )Tj 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn (Each panel, by subject, incorporates the results from a )Tj ET q 16.6 18.6 578.8 754.8 re W n 1 1 1 scn 72.52 568.2 451.44 -13.92 re f Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 556.92 Tm (single regression, presented in a matrix format to ease interpretation. \ Shaded cells indicate the )Tj ET q 16.6 18.6 578.8 754.8 re W n 1 1 1 scn 72.52 540.6 324.48 -13.92 re f Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 529.32 Tm (students who were found to benefit from race)Tj (-)Tj (matching in Table 4. )Tj 0 0 0 scn (The idea behind this check is )Tj 0 -2.3 TD (to con)Tj [(sider whether the coefficient for a teacher')-1(s particular race/ethnicity meaningfully differs )]TJ T* (across students of different race/ethnicities. For instance, if the coef\ ficient for black teachers for )Tj T* (the regressions in reading is found to be of a similar direc)Tj (tion, significance level, and magnitude )Tj T* (when black teachers are paired with other students \(comparing horizonta\ lly\), we would consider )Tj T* (that evidence that the prior evidence of a race/ethnicity match effect f\ or black students is due to )Tj T* (black teachers being )Tj (systematically more effective at teaching reading than other teachers. W\ e )Tj T* (can also determine which non)Tj (-)Tj (race matched teachers are primarily driving the positive race)Tj 36.484 0 Td (-)Tj -36.484 -2.3 Td (matching results \(comparing vertically\). For example, the positive rea\ ding effects we find )Tj 36.156 0 Td (for )Tj -36.156 -2.3 Td (black students paired with black teachers seems to be primarily driven b\ y black students doing )Tj ET q 16.6 18.6 578.8 754.8 re W n 1 1 1 scn 355.72 264.6 174.72 -13.92 re f Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 253.32 Tm (worse when paired with both white and Hispanic teachers. )Tj 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn 23.604 0 Td (Looking at grades three through ten, )Tj ET q 16.6 18.6 578.8 754.8 re W n 1 1 1 scn 72.52 237 448.56 -13.92 re f Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 225.72 Tm (math and reading results for )Tj (black)Tj ( )Tj (students are)Tj ( )Tj (largely)Tj ( )Tj (consist)Tj (ent with the results)Tj ( )Tj (presented in )Tj ET q 16.6 18.6 578.8 754.8 re W n 1 1 1 scn 72.52 209.4 465.6 -13.92 re f Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 198.12 Tm (Table 4)Tj (\227)Tj (all teacher matches result in negative or null effects, compared to a bl\ ack student/black )Tj ET q 16.6 18.6 578.8 754.8 re W n 1 1 1 scn 72.52 181.8 339.84 -13.92 re f Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 170.52 Tm (teacher match. Results for white students follow a similar pattern, with\ )Tj ET endstream endobj 171 0 obj <> endobj 172 0 obj <>stream HVyTT7\T67".(5 z$qiUĨ1fшA-MTcU4m5'?޹w߽w__̃BRvMKGg[DEyMrh@?7uvȈmsB}ФFa%':=ȷEX(i<9r[hKH(z1' MB 2O~ZSIYGj+޲}y\Hf 0.˾ޮF>6Ww(w ,'bqSPQBY 2! $RHa1/if a=F 6yf-θ`?h'Y\,# ER_[Ԉi "yإܩ#UtZ%M('&Y 7c0p8 ob-R, T=}O#? tx !Bi .CQ*Ku ~.qY*jkQ`4rO ݥX#mn: tZCbW|I%#иVb8c^EmyI#/jMW~ۺŀnv`V c>ysRWMtOWWeZCH6I̯ lB-Y-mǨ^wI$ Ok z~h4$!["8 O-Ӱ^2u~ -VS}C?">UH9^Z^_22;\.@'I_L%q܁=8 =@%@ 4Jh.ͧ.T.\H+ꢖh!ZvR;]L#nx B#Wn#T.q>PÂXCm)]hd=&ޣJ:O؟37=U3jکN)f>z/z[33'7{}x5;'F1xdl6UFR`7XeXbL.J.Y|؉]8$;p]5 O >z ^iM\*9Z@kim 'Z:J,%=69Sx?ͣ9s_嵼?=?,|]d®RoDl5_mR{iU.Mrٴp-.]%N&Sʴttl2w5w **mnX3Eoqޡd?ʤ9 E pT8% ub%1/69㱱-L"躧+±20v~$>ێ).D辱Ƕَ:<^E=RH<-D& /l ~HXM+t?j:LECT2MkpKKWWyʥ 8T4AY9T_&MUKi#)l48gR1C^_S-J=W_7lNqBfQ"6IE[Y_ϣw>JhTGx2V:Gh2xĕ5L3qH>Wz{g˜ɧ`g4^lߓOeV IJ{Fjk*K~Z,]I& J0OճGؘn]D:ZC:wо]%mZkl5ńhmh"l1nV9K5ˣffhfRfcM& !&jYSlֽ4~T2Λ>ï- vYKY)jd[rwL4}iU%< [^-(g{[ΖQ1NJζMr6*ʣd5NS.IYQm2ʑ龣u6:ϾKμ4a4M7p_vv*l 5 !p6uU E#!Eh3C-4͗_~ynsY >5ppY4#aXY4ڤ*ҲEt04Z5Y\C/^W̳?[)o'`F qs#-|l4{Ek۷jױVg+dhkD4Q`W3FUdx-&76hJX jˈ2Ӱv3CF tL)ؾ؀²룒8թHKڌ6V_G/V@[g$|n_Y{n_epmkuʂfzua00}PhAChD)aڇ>ۚC MgJ?,vK+%T^$yc^вH..kpE6NO#"cG |vB~uu8B+;Gl;*7  aW#QQ{uR7Rd +o>?ʔѰ<㽎(5~AO(3JZBBQJUʎe-T>T Iiڽu|u>uހ;a\qcuQ+]/ _ W"Gp$yT-( If,𾊖p!!aD GdVBe#(62GlK%z6o{}\q+bC\rvJ /0J }݂ "~BpDC )át*%E#h4c"˂I˜|>#Q×17ŹP0Ȑi 9=ނȟIqN>9-D5mmhH %E\yGdPUR xK @Tzq{"aR7U=i7vck{nbz*jV)3 #&T8Zs>kl/dDv b q~dיؠ8R+h.G9 JNJ;OmVΓ˗Ԅ_]){gu 'ӅAp% H͟}?SIs|2c0DLٓ2uvma0ϐSҀ,y_0´k1!eLO2IkF[/,'>~O5Ɇ}O+ft>uy\MiIbb1H)Xk}b@_Jq+]Ag&FQ;=\h89)0&ˤ+d^#{5, ONbo6` ʮ~L<Lw]Y|~;V۽ͫlcCs˗s@vpŻ]x1"(e%k|40]ZWBBbLV$2yEP96'( SxYgY%X`.+gdy$vxV~~V| y$XͲX ٽ Jo"`DAsS,8o ̠]ɲ4j`fl!dZ W\cVu}uUߤW6[2hT׸lz J/2~δ`/Uyξ>ο?qH#M ! 3ҖVJ-UTLaZ`BSi5UCZ4iRֱMHlN>z}^. tیzO:KEoY)9ArYyxU: "ލ~$rRdAta[-VPOǕ3 m> Ft uy?WAj8Tɤ \s>,j&kY%Ó^5D?U!j-Sg+uJO - ƵVZ*U4U2YkYڏ aF(E}kd6rvW&p)L%V"ҫ[6 !am2:t/#oo*Wwa%3N{7|Ϳ8E@ L+gy9oL 0$cmP/gcz +úwt9&tbqpV1~_5ˬ?o~)zdۭ.E|2#0 ײGY\Q㩏8xI` Z!)ј`x 2`SLX14*+c. TӉ1)VM[szЛ}xㆮA=l mw2;Cd0'ЉցD2NГ] 0YVf/:~A!-dL&iљkџp1d71qF'1%9Qu:)i%מFɜVU{{ffߓ֗LjЋUbikٔa5Q kwo#,"ӨDl+sbmj^s)qx,;MhG 7$бBTJ{Xn<12 6g=6k+ +ñv7V_.실{̥?x/vLW ;^?K?O96?=B2f=gh:@^Bk \Na&N'}#y@wTGoJ B)&p\ ;R@Zh S%Q0*53*!K p⚈zJ̉j:/Qh "z8.^7BmG):VPFb+֭ =qaF:s5O*刑uifs(EG89R-Ǻ:2!A c]<[6gf/A!H]zXF%j-IB.;j i"<4 W}<ӑqRi5ͻwsDHbfcK("nP]q_wI8W5 ;T.=ܪ⬸qZF!}}*S CƀM"UL$Бd6 |!g;v:wXҶRM['Gڀq>ƿ\SCrhaO:}>4Yi@'A',;FA.d3Wg]B3sri>LjCU0 TD]c?6!W%9tI,&Xb\Tz<:A~ϕ`\^ *:{ձV~$t#)*2hXо!q7V =ʴ*jPC{0_7Q9NϡV(1ޞF䑸7c D]&+W,uXW(G*6ulMgIiQ,fG;|YY rїWrƬ ~Hdڟ^01EAwLJ.~_y"/,k <:A0S\?9w_344dh~OƓ hR% /Uq̜Ƌ7g킽vl3>C66] q@s8m RD*UҦ-U"=>J?U)(j@J?͜(jͼ{̍wg)+y+@;; (6X=40NH}~LVVQ_k۾o(*㲲 gTX[< x@ρg{r|ely#Ol<*ivç]* *vX !U?& Yfp23`TB*eEDUɜ%y,9MY (9 et:rɨ3XYn[[*V{(,/G5h`0U9ʮ!Ih9.nIֲ a~C(Q8BRB@s}_eg>:f= yF]=K⸏0^$b@tYvUBI Z%2{ rN\d6khBns7t)pv+'Qwn$|PZ?U$pJfo`Y-pӀ) 6sE>Ji+uf@[$״Dl LcnJjVP[kzjV5/iG2iW_h mzNsqWSWg jrS̰Mk<*sxSi7p$-þ NxiyWogQyh6F-bJyɒ(%˜wCep1N_fWXɪ,qb!.+DeDVKvqG7BJhvuըfnub*Wu 橫XAljm&,M9&5vy"eo6`0I;,-m(eoͨ1#>P'd+!v #?sKK:P<T #0Oss46tK!u$W_Ol\ꊸ<&t%AuBH3^a/ հͰlXRXVjoXMd XR M\X*ĥ]ʅE !Oe3 G SOC|՛y "gr!9"?³C@Lg{nd?}W@|"dg\<9Ú$D%-[D`b6,!*pA?x q_E:Eߢu߉aϞߋ^oEJ._7 A$$ChD~R}**I/b h?ivG;ʩl+{8͖4nE|]싼Okc7~Y5"ÛC89ISd/3#P ՗}7Kl_ok-P_T+UxBPKmCTx=B߹@Ba8Y{#]8Fکߖ$Yv?/ Fj1"C@C=A$;kE_w^fuՒlI ngᚋYWGȹYAܗRNNHo^^Qqa>vLzY7k#!4cPB|)Ơ\ΐq1Zn`nulT0rۉțY KZ,Z*ߺ +T>;>9Krb|9r2o2 endstream endobj 173 0 obj [175 0 R] endobj 174 0 obj <>stream H\Mj0 >3N!0L)dd lgWq*xҷAst=fy%\>r&%UӀqɼg#uϠ5o2h[8ʠ^팠 v!oa[BK_q㒬C4jT ͳT?-w%ncjy]M!mgVfTP1cU)&j?G2p` endstream endobj 175 0 obj <> endobj 176 0 obj <> endobj 177 0 obj <> endobj 178 0 obj <>stream H:` endstream endobj 179 0 obj <>stream HV}pTW?$ |}#v@!ݔd &!om&X"` "B'ZtjA:NRKGvgX-8jej}X:_=sν瞯[uQ!Lj}*zoiDCwUx1ՕH3D&)|0M_L}PEy{eLĦ<$YBĪ{t9|D7n#/l5kgC:39$,>2veT$v3#yfz糧8KuA ȝzҏk=D?3};8}#[Sݴ{I:huA!GM}ަ;xpIqGCk|^JP7mnRv Z {i3Nog8uQ |ZpO@ʼ+Ugޥ~>&J}rN:L~ c?=[~s-/csmv\ͮ']A>wȽ?|Y~jBo:@ڻ}5qeƆGu -]VۂZz'ܲxQ74OT>Wocsٳ|3+JK(L/Vv}a=g "WU#+8(~X]R_HqwSi5i KSyixM{f#yS D !^ݨ˜rV&O'G1RwĚDhJ5A YA'S]Hfh=a7ʋbE;.(mPi{T~Ō$t34l!ʅƆPB}v%7w?@Rt\4 qhjwYW|UEd?A]؁8rd] Eӌ IXo Ƙ&=aj~ՊN %"qrڅxobDz|wGЗuYbU@+3 :W4 pwXVj⪷AfE@T:+Y&(y9Bjwyf\"Qp2mA25 p=Ŗ/. i7kW֋RDcϸhMW *:*ZQ5%U#b2̜7"d!8)v\[0M>$xn [qU-㥠T8A\e"?Ŭ E}S<:w :Cm2\1ݐe}Rv׈DuimNI/U?&1)lsOD! *@AnǤK^9"곸. AFVuJ6b0,W]CГ<ԤL#.Mv"ZVfRj]u|V'_ny(Uij:眽yXQ݈)FJX-*>bWiu&NNg]Đ&>$Q:ƎMl4;iS{4?G`|sc׉yN w :'onؐ$Y :p o"C|2gP0lzP)fT0kQ-p6;E7G{0TA=|$lpEk]@EDgxÖ.f̍?EĎ&.139Zj+$4=i[]qXZ'AXK\UFᭅ(1N^:;>Ō۴T꛼̬^2,Ԥ>ɈpUW.&$R +KiMԕy]·0SRKI8hBn`HgstSCqyn+Ř"7b5ߛH?IM_pz笝W|vazrruA᱙Ǐ߿tgŗ? nOߺUω$~}|p23?}{6Nf< FͿy9??3S-3O b'Ed .H!:kB;ZEG?5oي\X6qAVL'iQ 6fGHPT3&@Qv?Gwu0ՖA67mN?~3A?XZ2վ|eۚS2~Բ,޲lSOnH}H&;ĺav= v]$!)(r^!(ؗHM'ts`ϳ-bm&zsl#*ۢF6WğaK.es#zVGl yJSI~^ӊe6`EU۠|4E oHz(iMhykDģ5F@=ڔl&,,6ֱ́Kieu,ba $ z`ڇ%br,hZPi1TXGYX,C]6?,VHAjiI7g7AE' "P(?[k@:-0mJbJCk-eSX8t+UA5-״LS^m\Z|cYbߑn֫{>ķoNݾ^f΄tPlS/3T~pU~kPiqd@Q"rKAd@qkqZ#rj"mz. @Fݡv%vWVZг!=OF |gRV>AmQ/,nd#)BCf[r 7xҙlQpڵJӃ9CC32I`U碹a|]/w>?G2"Caj/%:OL专wq㝒Ho\֨gQWb*fg7tz?IYl,L!(B㪆1ru cǐ3^47 A h3JU<)r*U[abޓV55S>kj}up9XOb:;Dbu=./Ax"Ծ!rH&㛢CuS;- (B')<S,WAR]^U(W**[̷̬̏ytw3yt D:b|F$Hdw/EXkdX=c5,ȪLff"Xmp&hqA} ۨ6-(ո'I;:Cr1ߐȯ:RB~F֐U'GdYB d |!E$dqd 9HD2!/!H+҂FR7܆[%XUXeXE `H l{bsI?i`?^x endstream endobj 180 0 obj [181 0 R] endobj 181 0 obj <> endobj 182 0 obj <> endobj 183 0 obj <> endobj 184 0 obj <>stream H:` endstream endobj 185 0 obj <>stream HV}pTW?$ |bbq!ݔdԷdK *"tyIKVdjiZw*tDqlqFnj NZGw{ 9sK]TH}$yOJxȺlrJ#uƯ[#DxXe+|W}*NChq -_1iVjS^`;] :oSbGÿ9gK 5=[oQMa)KwM{si]C;MER*Ha"y3GJ\;S %:t޶w}nr'SZXizϐ8}[Sݴ-8s:Ƞ#GM}ަ;tqVIҷpۇG}Fǫ|QJP7m'C7I) ]A{h9mڌ:A]?C-t$T Heޕj2R?tz=~zi?}sq-GnQTn\l7N_g:軴v33q0$ `t ~;Ƕ!.?MUVv6ӒGra28g+n:dvSxlYji6^Gfg |>Lnl -^KV:AmW-53E/LcEȷ1N#U"r+x^NY$|c׷.ýdzTP_C'Pg!zPGQAߦ#@.sib|0 Asy%s:BVkdn{TQMG8tYjpfw\OFV8?k[?om3OԹݳF·5ћ;dKy|N~]2\y Y| =2q?fWz ߪU_B_#wQmD{ jJkV֖56,>lhY%#ŷjm Tϟ77p-sfjv_OT*3gW{oVZ8 ?%FszܣE4=+WTs*QZ:>ϑ/k y^`J.WyBQU֘H9-_qaWT_X5&$6+6I` @ [t~c'3:3W2ӛG8r!6K beF՜]ᬔ0yBbpDZ4M>=WMlыai/6驅a-U,҅SLI3O-'Z+FCZ~t3"eW6ym!s`KFԒ5:H\MXS; H"kS)-d ZD}Lu"ME^wxĊvfԷAiUQ;3ͨӰYN:6+VpB ut۹r?MKqe&w'5ݪe]uUvG#v=ҢXUu~># M3*LL$am2P yzQJD 51"ߎ;Dy~^|M5ŎU,ysc-z4XRX_z٧\:֔2feQlk V\![^)^7L^SML f:4իiU ~ĹH+Bb;U^}K6WS q,A_iolQsl;)jh5 E 65i5VVasETnX8 $M~QO!uVC9NhPS&8}YNN7_lu{lnZzG&P+ /:/ "9+IŪ0VOX'蘦WS_ָ7a}HYWhu 2Q_3G*NV{%5 '^$S 2^ SlMV{svU+oK44ћK{rUS"\5"VK+cE#"Z L"m׎ϵysDCjKV@ZҪ;^ *NEUs^ (c1Y`3>ܦ (c Y6neHTؾt[ծZF]<= Ӥ岹یQ峦,&X*kպą̰VjLOL˱-%'Ww %y _Yc.xโ?&x1 @PZ5@8 đݧt@A`0U=AUzPՃTU=Č9xE^d{EpT :bU@ pBqih$2"#GGG"GGGĴ# 08L5pDzȶÚy[1VlAc,M'@PZr <kiYu[m붌wޅ߸ j-k@+WVX~CrJV$VaXJ 3[L7o6} W@ͬ#VbA]JK%b`.P<*ĪMg (/v%Zu qJƦ߀~$-?ʞpR/ʊBM nj:4)уO)MaR |όiHkE״ W7 ?3z]Az[ߡ~_E.) ~4}3s>dnWTGܱ~n{#99ΖAM35iIҜdcwQ $d! ?.fFz>#&IG$z^r,q7#z I'|Ež=T=֣W{(O*у:;wL8+Y!NzS&CU~kPiqx@Q"|KAx@qkt95O ڀm ;tA/oG,)Ȇ?.;G.Plꋉ'Mv덂iR(/MAOp4%Mm(YZ[S,L4C4ɵԸ龵"#D҇İDDɲѢwճ=㦰%OW0<ս/m~愓3cA2`VW GasfboE4$ԒfU}^ S&Q{UO*6zTZ_W*U!R^ᯬPHrVR>SOtK>yDx/L0C7E!υ,Ȣ-޸/N{O) 3D&>=IYaIAiZT\p?]`k}be+זҭŭ[$LyjB=ߙ_X= :Vv*VY0¼D&XSC0z)z0ʛ1)Vv57yIJPw* t`(J-M6MqF;}t ıΌ>20xHx!yXo}WdYC~FV'Gd YD-d\E Y$d1$ #CqC$BH/҃ĐyiFd7RxD߁{p:*2,",mp`0`.8Sp 4Ia8&0pM Qö;?'͟ kg endstream endobj 186 0 obj [187 0 R] endobj 187 0 obj <> endobj 188 0 obj <> endobj 189 0 obj <> endobj 190 0 obj <>stream H:` endstream endobj 191 0 obj <>stream HV}pTW?$ |[ m a$+ ؾM6DRNtjA`EZmuluQ1cǂQfn>ũ3ջ;ܵۻɤ۫="*8Hiջ5a"<ՕHsDMZ`W4;wCT = 8 m=15AWlr3Jor?KF^ ظkgguf8sHY|et 4KH"g+q/fO)p h#Йvޗ;% PO3xlO3  ul'訣A-ć5EzeA5)i'FWK_mӷ)FAWnB%$,t9eKh#NouQ ἟P+"yGμC}TvI>tHՑ2c~z x!I6r8 o!*O"i?oz ېq_9qs 7gkΖŬ"aMut?md~G!#t-:?*~udQ'MdAvf酱iv SLk4ª,Dzi: ]^e@rڂlh\oڅJk'rj,=LwTȁ'K}uvZy-LCfP!g^\νٗ[szŇR{o$5opۮcU]0`>k'ו%~:W:w{Ȧxs"Y^ _ Wqz5HNϵѕr5po= ,UޗG_#w1Gۍtw%sW֖城56,>Thi풚OV?超 ϛ97rQzӍ̜᫘^^VZRaZgjᔂ n>#Ѽ*ũkꢪ=WMlыai/4驅a-U,҅SLI3O-'Z+FCZ~t3"eW6ym!s`KFԒ:H\MYv@8 RE#$FS Z8<2D0C7%)Q^E+"Q:UGG`_HL7Nf:\جllHZ 'Tm^b ~=#:4-EǕI[ܝ׌vfujW5PDShJc!WNP4ͨ01`/jB 0VZP"w G] v!+k)v̯eg ͛kѣź=>2ֱ|1.++X,"ϳ`WܽaZڲ0סLh&ľNhem&3lzJFV?!Z(+ H4-ȼVr2Lғ}]tUk YbTD2U@S:޼еvޮy]Vi!4# %+F 5؄l&[?Ŝ"nIC4=,}%ĿR/B !n qSB\WTO,Ę bT8&A!/#n! DhU,\!(" D~! BD\Oη9Op|MΟs O9_w8Qqw9oq=op~_q~ /s>˹_<#us}3wr^s+G885ڭDI>@'o)#OC^q`8 YD 5Ad "kY$F!C!:CD^=0$Qh&>#tdĤ4Hlb,1P6Dƀ 1+c'NSN4 K#:<PtkdeERJ-REZ.jGH>@'%@,/Ώھؾ#<ZzКu6ǚu6nڜ\}^PLGyҶ!`+?&J`?SA~#f⠇^S~ P ļB,(=?#uz`0>1D4>Gwb}Yh`ѝFqStA=L7 :FԳu+̿h"6D aӋL[>eخڭ?MUjWq` 'z1G[Qnt.t!l O[&#]Ff@ǠQ>a kh ڍL=ˑil/r`i-_'YCz&Mê5FH# @ PeQ c̰6P+T[ :ejKPD4|H3h4CiweaRU[*պURU\vb u(K$|VbvMs)&jX=5P#=`1Z=6DŽ1as=6ǎѣރ^l as F\=J̤vHU"X }'WUiL1,tkA7ۈ VT7pb;0"A?[IS<%N}!3e*b0BQI*j$ŀ`|dda#"q#> aIɐ.fk>#%ƇьH<|d@~kFQEq|eRCJ?ܻв„K:,(öC퉉Ot ZKK+4$`|@ |jԇBPLg-ƻ33;3izοJ9|HdCG\֯Zl|\z^`k>{m{§zU '`P3sΘ"="M -vD辒6,M7"`/$#5NpCjhVIdWI6+I;fŔ~\VY{ Evqցa9󴚖.)NXhhiZwǨ3)#A`埩4L~rfh֮X(/WnMzHH9X ^^9og'=G(NBinYw:X'iݟv{66iZu2ZQ')9<|B=) b\LNr \Q1zW<&sI7B(fd˹y粫FҸl|c8 7t6Pnuwn>^+rb^Ƚ\y\."x6z^HE@5ײРXڬXHwc-)(Yu[nO H6n RV8D[C۵(cE:EQ=`x(*@^Xd ymϙcTUEk|]7no`VAYQF1Y0L7MK<9LY۞#Ox%~W!2n궍tlv,҇W鞲 nmq,Ĝ-%6FR6C,ֲ!)b'c6qJ\!."C$DI$}^"Fl#D !"Dl&XA E8Է{888xQp3x/0dzxO)<~?$`7.܍؎p'MW09[I6 endstream endobj 192 0 obj [193 0 R] endobj 193 0 obj <> endobj 194 0 obj <> endobj 195 0 obj <> endobj 196 0 obj <>stream H:` endstream endobj 197 0 obj <>stream HV}pTW?$ |[ mfwSLBRo ,0@ %E,ZE:w*X:FqlqFnj NZGw{ 9sKTH$q_J8NTpd]M69Ӳ~W֭:FT~Ku&oGoi3t1a$Cq$MG6kٙͦ")z?Adz^Vf!rx.ogw>z>w^o qi*廨ȡs=w?oяO!zamz1[>̠ܹϼjϭj#?K,|j.P1'ו-~&7Zw{Ȗ]Jyz~~"/˯W]+=~uͧ/csmv\M']m[A·>o} =|U~jBo:H:šmqygc ﮋk?ZVtɧ ~j\tU ~ۜ[?Q9[_RfUL//+-)43pJA~%K2h6Gh^{VTbuQU|#N1^֨)D\^CyF?!su}E3ú߯pzkHImWlS.A17,Ofit fd7p*KuNBl8&9ڍ8+Y)g+`#ڥ$>&<4F}:l{ԯ٬/2:_hS ZY *lѝff-$O:-QAW"̍ ,N(g 3?EPˮJm |u%8鹃fڍ'%kt.' &2jbmp#pGIOT50kqx2i4aoJXTx Q^E+"QUWGa_HL7NfѮZ\جlOZ %Te^?~=#:4-EǕIKܕ׌vf_u~jW5PDS+hJc!WNP4ͨ01`/jB 0E-V pb(;#&Lj~;{5;WK͍5шbݞKa}rXcf>ȘUWGUZ΂Tv2Zr#o:SN3LNSLL dz5իiU >ǹHj+Bb;U^]s6SS q,A_iolQs2l;)jh5 E V5a5VVasETnX8 $MM~QO}!j{tV]9Ah`S*8YNN7_l {lnZzW&` /:/ "9+IŪ0VW,EtLӫ/i>,b:QA/iTl gNV{+`Iic| )|q&nk9]Nԕ%||ekJXWщPMB)l%ĕ@-& Iq̶kڼk"S%t;nމcji/Y*9/fe|/yчD屖qԘ,^0Zt^nnw ,cS|F$Mkl_S:jO{}- Ia6 ~Z% Y$P Bv;!XQuYEw 0,ƨc@1ol,daQ_ .5=Cx44N@dVC\jLBOjLlNS4m*`ѲRiJƑŚJ2.Mc j׫,_8uշZRMQOT245d9YOfqi"+FUSiFO3Y>K!%?BυbH w-M!nq]PkB xOwB#1! G!^]B,b! @:!+DDEBx0 aBpyO9 s5|%s99p9r8 cpyN_<8lἝrs9q~4'r> 4k^(.`# Opc@ 0`BV?Տ~d#YGV?c : :1W\IU@pTVB~C)6?BGΏ q;?686<& [d7> ò; >9%!:<PtDtJJHalex#$U0!` ]̰|gm۲޻)Кu'ւVd8VXݺ1-=g͠UiU?!c,f +\J.)Ea@w=t/lHq. `J2=WEGebE)Lt;X?ۈ n+]IUg]p_QZao?h$ xL3Jn:݌Ui,kcf7z^4v,oͮZa ZZcT u(Kd'c~6` yt>l-C바VZ %L@o6|Bb54LMːi9l3B2`)0SM(,r%lSi2V:DgJ'ވ ,D-ޅx#[eOjF0A}ZEf`Y^jvi(KD>4I }ZY,FxaX !?I-׬S]fK4f$L#܂Dil4 b kfjcX|;FkX9Vlcر9&+hf"S>l62*؈\ VDHlfRfZIjv!,_>٦J4{Cd3ivP,#ZcfRM?u.D RIXL)™+99pek͚E%7T %1T'!sH>s1GH_C>̏ >J\ҫ/\|_" 4hjj0tW<-j>Y=%]ujw}:}Qs43z.sFmH>|jF;>ʑԉ/K?:@̃ AA)@U(^'*`LJ?ǼPhC@s 8Igz[AAO iLv(Z[<j::Ǘ|%~%93?.9ūϒC tH+mt#$I8Czq4Iƍ)T?>N!±8ǰո9/KחaVQﰭg:;tČT%Ѱɗnne"=ɱ>a2܂8شձ@Xٰ:fLCGq)Q}᳢c#:<"\<.{&6u\@ M|uS2#-&i?ۿpcxUb 1@ꊤBrG^T B^Q_!5 q,%%y@$O, q$X5jZG]/܎nQY!rB`b-Kӌv٭얂gY n}=&">)>}'Zl\5Ǭg3M>El.RVXRPZ(:6hijifiՂZFS;M[AkظVb 34¼X ˪X%+g.V$d"2 M:eNDIGQYcYBRQ$՜48ۏz'ͩr2Lp:XU}ʢU;Dwjm'L1ZStz;:h$mkc}ayv)]K%xq?prI1ĶZbꐵE TS =Z`vwc7[Bزe9S{$k> endobj 200 0 obj <> endobj 201 0 obj <> endobj 202 0 obj <>stream H:` endstream endobj 203 0 obj <>stream HV}pTW?$ |[ K a$+ X&X"`Pl-KXZ SKujEZˆӱ3v,8:ԬMuf}9{^zlB#{zUSDGh<6|m,&*?Bɷwb)L3S{; _LAy{M]?/4}~qWΐp氘Hi*PE* Kț9:V!_ʞR<.A.G3v>;-} TO3MxlO t? l阣AQ-꥝tD~sѱc?=[Ovy$~8 o#*O Gh?Gib:Lg؂q($ `t ~;Ƕ".?M׫YyMl ]5%vd7p\Ȯmxlٲ^Dl Mh=H+CXYQgeW9+|9LPdMGƨOmUS5[XZF zzraX w td -zSˬV%*(JQtP) fƲjUyao~5={R$db$WFS|FcT5єjf-">O &"M {C /;ʋbE;Td3[ 4(IfTi,]'BR I+8:K doz~D񁦥2it nﲮ:`] F#~jvMiqq,u~>- M3*LL$am2P yzQJD 51"ߎ;Dy~\M5Ŏ, 9c-z4XRX_rŧ\:֔2fQlk V\![^)j^7L^SML f:4իiU ~ĹHj+Bb;U^}K6WS q,A_iOlQs2l;)jh5 E 65i5VVbsET_8 $M~QO!uVC9NhPS&8}YNN7_l6uq&P+ /:/ "9+IŪ0VV+ :5 pwXRj⪷AfY@T:y&(y9l }jrE\"Qp2m최A25 p=Ŗ/. c7kW֋RDcOOlMW *:*ZQ5%U#b2\2"d!8)v\3M>$xn ;pU-㥠T8A\eaŒ0G'^ayY~av L„Y""aZ+L0T S*Oba˜1 Nrwp<6[|5Οr/q##'8[Qg8_r~qίs>y/=wsy+_"Fgor~3Wrnγ8'0N u!Z`>lz}M >Ou_ҧK^ Fq***Ă9G~dGqT\I@;pDV~)2щrLt󓣓ƐEvaQy`]8yi)1,p>%N:)%Đ6K<0|@-0h x uWFmھؾ#<Z6z6ghU7kMkKOde>iV  @I6=H!GнttIqЃdS~ qA==?!7ޡ4%p fP}>->Kh.j!9L79&,D0B <Kp7}nŊzhylt+mOS]JM+4ujƕiZŋ4-I8z%>EqvA3)VG&j9&ŷc&lcر9&lcB.lF*AP)`#r,XJؙI͚It1/I.jz]eg&]tTu oI7A_2[cJPYf|7@n ZIXS̞*"#eiϚG%Debp! 'y,"C-fD~p84?/pچ%S0U|Q喙t#;Q iGRSþAshP/{~vP<- د_^.&*svv0ʇ{ХN Rv}`> [(vW4}']LMIS+Kk-~ЦZ&34b̶̹̽{ۿj % ٮqX> !?bcޣ>%(dԫʵ8 PA );?ɔ))4=ٝr0WRFt CUR}+ !R?<9X}EHY'm!tMK) c󭲪(/¤ֱI9snȱOWnQBʹNʹ޷iZsԙT`*+3Tvrfh֮䌕X/)Qñz67OK8X NءLvz&k)(!0CnB1RȠ Y_:_ٽEmcKq;[Q[u-ڴkYs+;N847v]U'C\.WC,5E{Y_E j5( w쭕䬭T#{k쬖*Y,BڰeI>QMٴʴ󲹁$826#ͳ:ǙG;<8E,xRP'ES INRP犈QqtM7xT y޴t93;=Lz7.zC5F ݸi8qp'/-ԃ[lWp/|/>stream H\j0 ~ Cq]C`t rZ[I l琷&AO/- ua縰Cq |py&[SKCTu C9 g{<*}ehץ;qBPAӀAn']SEy= \)7dU]I5PJ5 wrqqq=xr );(A#1o endstream endobj 206 0 obj <> endobj 207 0 obj <> endobj 208 0 obj <> endobj 209 0 obj <>stream HZ` endstream endobj 210 0 obj <>stream H\V TgC@@< PY#S!53ˉlՖ8 Ø,nUbȥ)|-~T\xrwT rGM4y?T&,'"8QLC!PCg1hnH@3ȉ'ṛy qqY+,XK} C\ %Xe~`ߣX@(<,#EQHZ)x㐎\HlHE Vb)՛[aW0><( .V,u!6ɉGAԙ#T(e1 qCe|T47LżGms5Ay;N$a=It 䤁:Q*G"wBI%3ȼ u<0oLjTDg؏y:*SfBr~V؅"1F:_V)ۊP=8I&j3OkMz~\o6G#ŗX+:㸀GxD!4ޠR*崊[ fR5zkz~ɒfuk]|&^r-X`}v~%/m8 1TLh!UGt9gr"IUT ժyDpG3ha.*rJPj^4GXc0BRtDNʣ1Uy̝k^Ruj:ܚ轅Fo~2RfnlUsTn_w;wXo49sͬ1=_Pt0IYrB%؉U\tMS0٩%&dʡB*"ZMkhh?Q:Eg. L!@q#%Yͅ&u)}T +V~&IF檅jڭNuY=hR0ͮEh\mvI*y X-5ckV5ٚjԺjJ`tS nuWKE_NzvQ(p#OU.S)D-mZxZtM1!ai"3]Z=99E;eBːq5㗚  5I` 1vu㺺>¹´ܲœc-ë8긿ۓSp}-6 3go^<_3L_vffY;s3M.@H$$Ej'l"!&mHVjcg XZ(U"E4Bh*0]\܇Rۿ3xh9#^ ĕmXJaQczЌײ%F}ofΣ&%ێFݚg&hA=MCMA2ێzetdya7ʋLz;3ht\߶bFKLu,SN 7 QDeweKG2Ћ߈Z*T3ZU"XQ->eq)i\42d< d'duE#$S z} }(r%o|2oZXOR#7jjyBt 2ᄗՖi;`f&sWƐ{B=ԦKtx;}VXֶUAĨU'V2LMYhUu7?G /=|WC!{ wÿbP;Z/ћ=k [o5#,TE[BN{DF3#_W>PqDABh,hA~ |XOfy+W{M?33BEC ǧ .{QrK?FOt)#: lrfHS!*j]ICbb @gYS8uv=&yyHM8`v9r) G3}? /S}~\ƙ2]>$.:郠of3 dRLW{?'$.OǮ~a?$]B_%r]n0O/cLK[JDT1Lw_s4J!SQx_^FOt_LB3lb)~z<ĥ[LrJ|\ȝiNfN:9,~Bah!#lKe)W{_$GyCk;t9V.Û8d>Os$H3~3/'t`ÿX/$(,FuARPJ[(NQjj b\j6x &dK=747O=yfIQc ̛罁Kv^l-f)E`qXK_+o'騎.5\^44r! ǔŦ6ÚO{ OWw'?qqG&)Aġi,wpu=3z]%F+ zwdU(vwls3fd ʛf]!9jcAƴuӪcP;vLV>VؓA6`드rr0g[~.p 3 7fC1N&Dtu (  J~0 䮒_R y2Oa7ψ¤U}>stream H\j0 ~ CqsA=c+aS6mڑO?8VNTY6]lےph A$€g!{gH hp8ʠ73#]:'OE?}UG.XdCj~j0o](63]%OAG5A_o endstream endobj 214 0 obj <> endobj 215 0 obj <> endobj 216 0 obj <> endobj 217 0 obj <>stream H:` endstream endobj 218 0 obj <>stream HV}pTW?$ |X6f?JIHۀdK#TD¼S2թuzi NRKGvgرduYbqf}9{^z6ob%{TDEVo\&'5yZ׬_"L{9t-u_Ltt䶍!맵Awc(Q-G`)KwM{snYC;C%b*H!"yGK\?䋹S%zt߶nr'zZXizϐ}Ø[SѽMt9ZdDos=8e3 ԈcC.aP#Uk(%C7Ei ]Fh)m1xim .з:T3*zDH5wK=.iK=o>|vxtGO^Ĵ]^,7F>7'᯳6DIcUmM;v|qs:C|c[l6+FtS;BђF6dWqf\Ȯxl۲D{l.  h;}NB'l'_[^7N? Ql*)_\?l80 NS8` ]zY5Fy~;Mgːkh\z[폌MP)A}D@G9AF}~x [Gm׈dx 9P@=7W|8>!OR&7˾z5 1T~_ߚuo}z]5ixe7tޠ"_?sU*p_pg]\\iW먫5}+Vg2<.p=ǝO@mMP{W{?je{BokmYxcһcpBK~'w,_=o;cU[nLetߴeޛx&O**,pd㾰hͫre՜V.Nu;<+ ^/Uޫ~(/S(wU5&S|v׼*y~:|FX.U~I5ŽM4pj3HAsoΑDFBggrfz3 y.qbCA7Qg`+k7*gU.cj ֢hQjf^K8YL.kbd) d 1k!y5J2anT<vs傽^Ǵa1MvhW331jV3Opf5VvȽXK78h/4'Ss~Ԁ9{yН5&Z:½AQ0MGMtZkM\U#'kW8Bf:#z`b_S@:@fݦUPS:83T NoW74_qfVUmj)>؊;#ȋNúHJRd*iKQj;* [V 4 *e<}*r6UjwyZ|"Qp2mA*= p=Ŗ/- e7kWD])~[1̧\&ثul-ԨZBB d/aQlvl͝&z/}W"]]B8֪VRPq*J 2bNG}H+\oC:U@ns;&c7h;3"Q}Fc{3!gE~KiՏKL ,S*QB% P (ΰqȒWNz-,s0Fysec! p!)jw$ҦΦv":VaRk]|V/%_b/(Uih(^Mg|wuKo[ec9ɖmcK1G 1r Wpsf(`D:5mC6!GBbHԦC6qzˤ?o޾ݧpG4/a~0gdw>y zB7Xv*GOvFZyڡ&Q fR:L!O7'-*oA9^F-oƣ~ 휞W )8t/Lb w}=]Qwu{@|ևʃq)XF{Zbyl!c?i21Eɳ=ǯ$EJ/5--1+LCjʽ\WJm/>}})JiTGYQY+2Hdd24 g-IjGiaiqՋuܤ*ÝaH}~9״~9~[1: 8fzvTI]=3zL~ՉniT? מ`֒;JT}4YZ+;m$%7/\('^%gԅ%0UGӊtÝuX:}I.^>UE-IUQDwh}@C潬A4MFͿ>yOWdr$YE?#$zd%KQpAJ>ш^#*?OUgkMJ3H^rkw^m0Ym]dm{֎$BICpfZJVw-itHYF㝷=d)qgMYC_Sϥ4C J7i>f@|$minI4HsS~iޕiޖ-i$M49.^iH% f4 /MXy̑Iǥi^JiJJS,G4it { TO|Ko k ~WpK '7Zp&ӂ_|JI[.;w ~Q}p)Z?#x%g nTU}CUPՇ>T3G~dG~bQ0hH8ZcZgЩF{Yam\4#GGFkBf _!+??t J h Pc X}jf A6bTZm'U,,3F`2VRQ ^HjYOd)XPԁ/M@(?qj~ |}@(yՎU:uʔ$)сO)M`>|&dqW?ǫZjU2UKxcX2N+ mJrX9NƲX66jd&fc,X|fkX9l cذ9F;1…C|h*B؈< Hl:mT.kEPu.ǯpoSUUo~~fA(wA_RmL5 Cx?!iX[efY/._쌕f^43Jq5M]bz{.qqqZKYzs9A`韫1\q3qi{.Kf0VtJMzyR$Ibm>hF11XDGpD ZFJqi*f3{6M=pvpaafB]c5ЪCIryQkk;yE#ֈeYQ^R\Iq~֨ Ozn)ʕ\BZ ,0Q.?pqVɉMDh:ĸls!-  ) ΀Wv⼒|(e}>AODOu[:0I ڈ#;C c^V˪^V*Xsb0٘j R5#ADIhodܒ9̭I hw1.k)W#|4}GAnN-? fVwro盼n[Fb6F='|gO^2gB7,S;0gF==F؞Kߍ=Ƿx1o!c7 rK*}T CQ1vlōQ-[F3`C4{m#!_ dYCVed YD~@"wyr\EBƑ$2$!E" #!0"]H3҈4 HbG).$a N(0hpN q臷Bv1y?i`_:nd endstream endobj 219 0 obj [221 0 R] endobj 220 0 obj <>stream H\j0 ~ Cqu`X;9d6sWqJ$k]AwNa&(+Τʿuvkܜ-{ýWH>{/yл="Ȍ}3%"ճۗ[,$~Rׯ6͏.]<*jSϙ),<"Xk q"0>q`.ra endstream endobj 221 0 obj <> endobj 222 0 obj <> endobj 223 0 obj <> endobj 224 0 obj <>stream Hz` endstream endobj 225 0 obj <>stream H\U tW93$7ȟ\yIWR77B ʍ%DbҦ+h-E56ajaUgTVX3Lh.3i}οg/[ ?,9k|Ϟ땼gV+K|~{vY^zlSxPȟ%=oO⹳Ԇ~voǜ.ۻ}Ҳ;ڻZ@Atu~o{;Z?QakFlC4S<{ ؀8 ؑ]F ո(M\CpxJAӰJd/?8&#ThN7†(}R_Vܤl}Rsė1dB*#Գ1pR}(Q;FIŸ B.&V1=hSqp2ux#]ͽx g<1 39p??T8C%斆XuWq)^؄eCOu4Q&5Sy:P xHqdot7>O` N yx],.}W9@LtBŧ'=qL-Qz=6#xsW.A#4&Q>@鲰P1OܕyB~cWJ'LAq혆ށ9yp )"(Wt(dqJ\:Zl$a>,CO*W;fl';H'_Sd\%7ȿ/2θF)sgt~sA0H8\?y\M_) xX TUj-'QTkv/{iӫ^xx=⽥?1LW2j3|-\ LvpIci"#13ܔMޤ zл-kI~:8OM=ݥXHp)b ^S$F(eb!P+ 1-j[O0F1Ęj)qxBKuՒ`IY6[>ܶ°ղhs,ϴ猳,ʯT5ʥ,"ɹ42%<:q]<@"PsSX|AY#ШPq5jdB&U#4NhSRlA_BQ #A=F!}=L^Q.EʹU$6z c}Jq桔E}LRvZ#nyD[@IJ2})B,aiُU+,!Iq\;y'`dMs>&>VTv$%q|6n22}pkpfeú?SK6涔 Z8>bU?U2d5"YmXX9x[[޲Ox*/!o:fm2[Hb x9s>Heݨx|G;8 &8y& ]z|LֻX=菕*SLUFkqu;WX)w01*j}0P6ߢ7PTوq^R0QC.f=Vڳ N*#O1ߞX%H4|! п_B>qcѽzFEF!խkmA;tо]6~[Y-ʐpSLODLjv7w֑1+>3g{g3ϤzRs8LL 4}bk홦^=~nvh(0]ɦL'eaA++sڝ~1ϖf/'0j1͕X/Ъ-t'~+qퟳܹ}].l';sl,߳:tʱʳͰՊ)9r>L"\*>%>ǃ/&ݵϺyʰҋn{̓MW~ HF#01h:UUUM-Ft>>n1~j@$]j:p>~*};Zylqu +ʊV_ܧtv+JIx ׇ^躌?X?~;ek{KwN=pDY Z{2$<%=#Gj^"A4Yx ]ZQOl''񐭄D=ɱ(6 |YN`byE)#)_NlojߵggonUqҌm~;i+(bx‘6bZވ|Y~ӛqZnϥ@$ :9nnވ76 XJJ|S,ާ7_b0+2b )gUU҉}3ktGWtV}&~pR gBx;}O?©u(À$;\*s.#jg*:D d29 @ZBߢoao 里AP+໙}8^qz G-=F7`-/}15Xq ف"Ϥ|~}g|uK/ا s?,? q58OO!uG^?~_BƀZOoq & -SSS9f!@ u1^D̦f:+2v`^gZ6ۧ<1>#tչµׂ`ls6۳̰ť+5۷ܯձ#򈴂ϲ,,uVFmwpR#J3gYM.4vbCՋ:hl_&J[sQ?#͈z2~-mǽJ͂}k|L}#LeIB-'I? I"uEлi55|U)?iv[?hoǴ,ނ=HLj5O0uE4 q_߬@7wQuUn{΍yՍ=s5嚏2{ =A$;I $Sud~`upʍQI^B\}7.>˫T'CsuVۉ.&B a_L^%BM/ _8'GWKktl=V%{ ][uXEp-V; Vj[хCť7;(NŮiocG!bY\b l(f5'[%§ҍKأSSyҢz'G{ްջ۬Ҥ4* +ER\aEkpsxˮpv@,Uߒ%HwG䴔NP'&# 7xvFӎ2lsV(9-N/F(:r ;r.GI;wCNmC-H>G;Sgb.:!X 7vxjSOVi`ۏoJ.? {Xݵ)D)OЙT(B4J8@h> - N. <_j endstream endobj 226 0 obj [199 0 R] endobj 227 0 obj [229 0 R] endobj 228 0 obj <>stream H\j0 ~ Cq2!F@=c+S l#%OuY;A~ F3H#['ڥ[*p3u^9/H3lތoq+$z|-f {( 0 j@ Նu3~hop J#)ף\W!ЙJ)J> endobj 230 0 obj <> endobj 231 0 obj <> endobj 232 0 obj <>stream H:` endstream endobj 233 0 obj <>stream HV}pTW?$ |[ šMIV0 I}}l`"B'ZtDBujEZj#ڎc;3J?fXp2`ej}:u9{nݼ dR;۪="*XӳvMNi$]5DDl ՕHsD5Z`Wl4;av>`;[4)oCb{?Iݘ=o&ðm䥀*v|^g3ŜGZFNS.RyfXH̑bq v9_޻o7z}y=`OE|=Cgt>O̭@کZ&:J2h!>D/,{r;NL85bZn(O1zx՚/J -CMRBnZFa[=6vzNP;P "RRu*AU-{i+7G 1AڇK&I,|QyK{ha:n3NR??~Ic>xl #X4QațnjgZ2A.lG}luZچm9[Zڋͣz2ai[Cp$MG6kٙͦ"Iz?Ndz^Vf!r+x^NY$|cl 4].{-ݨv!N#,~AA}~x [GmE׊4dx Y}QD=7W|<>{g}eq=Y*vr]3ssglىwk8Go/_9up/g\+tp~u,Z xWx_~ }qNWkǠ}!t+y=_\=,\a]pgCKk|o.?on['M7~b2sbzyYiIiES .Yb4/G=ZDܳbxyů)p*&=M`&r5]j$Ӣ5J~K6ocBMropb# t f?E7fx|2#O3 M0s3iόpSYд&nɵ3ڭ}U!hɶA4ƽCJM\1, BG}Y;D2/g5M8Z]K$5jN2H&d%ᯭtzQWߖhi7i *a]E'B6[ 5DjDWƒFD@,D'1ۮkދDOUcЭz;UwTg5缘AQx~`yur|2ZQcx\ghy} MPƒ&l].ۻ]?%R%&xz6x)(d@(UcT`+BDe9 AƼYL沱*\kziąilզZW |x:?Cn Xu={ e7., + TJTACW &q&ӊLՙشvE;vbHM$ֱvhb옦Mw8?w{9wKlR]r{CfuenFWȎx0DxN̓]v/l  "2lDZ| { `P3.&[ C.vŭݎCsa3RSd89&^&F̍yĆ&,> 3oVռҎՖIB\}MHOua$ 2G\soEA|PdWMcfR:dsw/RaeY٤y%=ю&p"͈(`2n$ggOl|Vt^.Lb u3^h6D2D?T?ъkL2꜕Mrg.G[O7#>Rp$y|S;͜sssn\XD &Oאe.KVءء8oPAyRj }Ne$W 4)I$kR(e1b%;KyYƕ%W4d$}a1g#dׯT-H*Hߝ歘,U~ljr_~S ~٫'FRm/™fb))ٙ$)e`!exq^]qbҺDf)SB_|1cvCo]N9u*I[tcC?w{Ţ>60TU9[ho{8mFB;\x%){FٚYg_8 ڶ/BacLf~ {tn48C(}ϸ-yG?T89+'}S2Hr.x\A4׀vG^jUbٲ,RzJ&% N2~UK\Mm:Z7m^m"TzRc4)'M"n>G\@ZZl@[? 4~8YgK/0Œwa sW;|*-an 0 sCaa>Ca>}a(̐0 sBC[+a D0VS%ݜ_9γwV'8ײZs9> SyD{ڋ? D?L0.5o3xD7҆>kZmaLKXGЅjZCkfZ ]Nf‡[>/h+Fǂ6R t%* u@58-VNQ.DڥhEj$%R>P:zL*{,zԎ\UsnR59hKD >ŧ4zI,ΦA(TeSƧZjvU}|U4UXBwmhNJ'dlFho0c񭘭c昱9VlcЯ`JTJ*؈4 f@J|vfR 2Vғ.Um.銪avf U;\G,tk> ?AIW ~4g.d_I Kї1E``z"ii"0h`b MpTNjI,4!HH `!}όV6#˴tƧY/ ҵ+ZUi l3u!!P|ggw #+|t/.x e}XpX4SMjRƤf&F1"]J6~ł֎MhK>4=s9s]9dsux;;2% >֢RQX>Gm>12{U:ԄяTڔԄHRiO6h|ZR]vJjX anX~[9@jgQ0h  5#7x !\u )݆p)Yٌ߯2,0r*{ora\dcvƴɹմtU]rjjujCӺ=MiOH4YrS?O)ggfJMYڙR %0-[3v69`ûq=J@!6Yʙu*>}{zỉ붱Ҩ :Kֶm޺ΝH@F7vlnJq]ZiQ\vGY/j&iPAF['/9dVezY#ղN6IFa++Ϫ(|,IkJ֖HEYEv,7\Wz\+g3 H>pKA&1&~*|'9݂[tKͮu+J pGIP˔s3seVo 7TcЍCwڨB=u߹_x% ^5|2wq'CasB0ПG6ς+mO DȪt?u{|FӸ#> Z>A#ޮwDt~ADV=$k]K[4jɊf^ټ-YG='|gO2=!fX)erг"v>=FXKߍ9ǖt^OCe1mul ꅡN=$ǨWꞒ\h1,Ģ-)Iq&mo?GAF<$~%9g.1KDH!n-&1I\!.& 1@q;N-DQCTUD%"2>xq,x ^I4x>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.012 Tc -0.008 Tw 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.5199 746.28 Tm [(R)1(E)2(P)3(R)1(E)2(S)3(E)2(NT)2(AT)2(I)6(ON I)6(N T)2(HE)2( C)1(L)2(AS)3(S)3(R)1(OOM)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 18.886 0 Td ( )Tj 4.894 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 22.764 0 Td (33)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 281.56 717.72 49.92 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT1 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 281.515 706.44 Tm (Appendix)Tj 4.167 0 Td ( )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 108.52 677.88 402.96 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 108.5199 666.6 Tm (As discussed previously, a )Tj (potential )Tj (limitation of )Tj (our analysis is that it is possible to )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 650.52 414.24 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 639.2401 Tm (interpret a statistically significant relationship between a teacher and\ student match by )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 622.92 467.52 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 611.64 Tm (race/ethnicity and student achievement as resulting from systematic diff\ erences in teacher quality )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 595.32 467.52 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 584.04 Tm (by ra)Tj (ce/ethnicity. For insta)Tj (nce, if b)Tj (lack teachers are systematically better at teaching reading than )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 567.72 430.8 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 556.44 Tm (are teachers of other race/ethnicities, then we would suspect estimation\ of \(i\) to produce a )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 540.12 437.28 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 528.84 Tm (statistically significant and positive result f)Tj 17.192 0 Td (or the match of black students to b)Tj (lack te)Tj (achers)Tj (.)Tj ( )Tj ( )Tj 0 0 0 scn -14.192 -3.32 Td (We analyze a series of regressions designed to consider whether our find\ ings derive from )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 483.64 472.92 51.36 -13.92 re f BT 0 0 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 461.64 Tm (a matching effect or from systematic differences in teacher quality by r\ ace/ ethnicity. )Tj 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn 34.265 0 Td (Modifying )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 445.32 465.6 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 434.04 Tm (an approach )Tj (by)Tj ( )Tj (Ouazad \(2014\))Tj (,)Tj 0.015 Tc -0.015 Tw 7.92 0 0 7.92 223.48 439.56 Tm (11)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 12 0 0 12 231.4574 434.04 Tm ( )Tj (we replace )Tj /TT2 1 Tf (RaceMatch)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (with a s)Tj (et of dummy variables)Tj (\227)Tj (one for )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 417.72 456.96 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 406.44 Tm (each )Tj (pair of student and teacher races)Tj 14.992 0 Td ( )Tj /TT2 1 Tf (r, r)Tj /TT0 1 Tf [(')-1(. )]TJ (Dummy)Tj ( )Tj (\(teacher race = )Tj /TT2 1 Tf (r)Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\) )Tj /TT2 1 Tf (x )Tj /TT0 1 Tf (Dummy)Tj ( )Tj (\(student race = )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 390.12 445.92 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 378.84 Tm (r')Tj /TT0 1 Tf [(\) is equal to one if the teacher')-1(s race is )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 16.111 0 Td (r)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj [(and the student')-1(s race is )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf (r', )Tj /TT0 1 Tf (and zero otherwise. The )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 362.52 443.52 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 351.24 Tm (omitted variables are the )Tj (teacher/ student race matches \(ie. )Tj /TT2 1 Tf 23.655 0 Td (r)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj (= )Tj /TT2 1 Tf (r')Tj /TT0 1 Tf (\), hence we interpret the )Tj /C2_0 1 Tf <0001>Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw 7.92 0 0 7.92 505.9847 349.8 Tm [(r)-2(,r)-2(' )]TJ ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 334.92 435.36 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 12 0 0 12 72.5199 323.64 Tm (coefficients relative to the student/teacher race)Tj 18.63 0 Td (-)Tj (match. )Tj (We)Tj ( )Tj (also )Tj (control for year, grade, and )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 307.32 438.24 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 296.04 Tm (student fixed effects, as before. Additionally, we control for teacher e\ xp)Tj 28.797 0 Td (erience, experi)Tj (ence )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 279.72 441.84 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 268.44 Tm (squared,)Tj ( )Tj (teacher gender)Tj (, and the full set of school controls used in equation \(i\))Tj 31.296 0 Td (. )Tj (Because this )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 252.12 458.16 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 240.84 Tm (investigation is designed to look for a relationship between teacher qua\ lity and teacher race, we )Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 72.52 224.52 402.96 -13.92 re f BT 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.5199 213.24 Tm (do not include controls for teacher race or our measure o)Tj 22.658 0 Td (f teacher quality. )Tj (Formally,)Tj ( )Tj 0 0 0 scn /C2_1 1 Tf 10.8 0 0 10.8 72.52 86.04 Tm <0001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001>Tj 8.889 0 Td <00010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001>Tj 4.444 0 Td <0001>Tj ET 72.52 87.96 144 0.72 re f BT /TT0 1 Tf 0.019 Tc -0.019 Tw 6.48 0 0 6.48 72.52 78.36 Tm [(1)1(1)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 9.84 0 0 9.84 79.0199 73.8 Tm ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw 0.254 0 Td [(S)-1(e)1(e)1( T)-2(a)1(bl)4(e)1( 9 of)2( O)-4(ua)1(z)1(a)1(d \()3(2014\))]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 12.219 0 Td ( )Tj ET endstream endobj 235 0 obj <> endobj 236 0 obj <>stream HUiTU9A'xQ08"NإQ 8`RjDM#jC!NiƬ!jcjpպ:jҤ5nߜ]眻>{vɔ_ހFR~qdԌ*J5[L[\ `~;v1,: h10@2u)A E~Z̨?'Wwn`6}QqތqL+.צ?yJA^EIQ6|╁a'd_,;4ڕ㙍3>?2f?lW`yדi=7'o]A4UͬXV H|4edÐP4n+)}`d+JtגXH;X'{s2[yIBk !7x%/N*%Lo`!+u_a#pVrd}0 sq-9lV.:c4]$ZZ Xgu:@*HAbAD ؅+*u*ϷFb*u4ubڶOfK6њ<\rXE,Di6S}JKؓh `N!i|i!1i ҇?rCOw(Oxoq2W%Rc|k'haePLG%I2wתjw+FJ2O[i)?t/\|ӚM}PD+b3⩘RGI#qH'JfaZ(֣uԚi-Cse$ ys<`v4n>ތͶɒ=8<7GݶGU=_S}8Ogՙhcœd :i a:}4_̩_sO.O_/c$Q)~32̖\)dlkhbYIZ#YR5%OiT;zӢ,5\$RjZvN 겺@P:Mo2;y#H62 q,-0|sh1OM˶ܶvobϲ/پ~nf>m^@2܈Sb=*_E04˨AF=zN?RE"W`.xB穃j .Ȩ"̤5eWhioW?mѧlULfElR P(]]vޑ!wppq)*ٺ3B{eu\o"\ϘbK°Y/lg 0ZbGq1eJf8C|=Ћ*/@U}9%ا77?7=~|7ħOIG;&J$hɁ2fS-Ģ$kf`"zҋfCr`^F,vOJtd6=4y3Xkśx®|k|\OaIJ~E{D5L@4db`4q;>a$RJ)6c 8y>¨OΓ-L$A=/VgS+C|zJq1z[| d{.tct*|V)M@ t3oBgҘ0Y5N-Ўj@tIJ,s3o ;C 6C%vSbej+)eWzѽ[B:vhrؘm[GErphެiА^j ~u6JLurF3#wA nv?L"瘟q&p&).֑tO=3(e.0o߷.s "-4w\mL-omu˕;9y" IM>ʱ7ܺM.j1][ݱ覸˳Ŷq]ȃܢEr D6 ؒRRKbkofv< ʚ\ְHleiitL<~)gyA/Lhܛ]|6bKc5K1/lTe>m@]&W,AW $y+3[ХDgBgUQz%á(EdLm>zJ"!%?BxڏJ'fktfs$4MJbݞ5zV935u,#R^B҈#)0Z@x ܱϕͰ;˰;݃(ǙٽAϽ§<"2-?խ , IQu[Hr\$׬ b"WD9X'V;9>P'*x Ȍ0r'~' Lw=i7vW EPdXxbɆ+ Ba wyf]jZ1uRR*lx~ګAm8),^^,`w;SK ogY|2H‡ "W³d2 pkXq(aBض5ݠ64,;"wCW۽>Y_2cy,W8&|O =Zg떮'lK $9zY^,]5gt]9mQD1t؃7?*[-|r]{WGeFU BN=$:t{^Hm \3Tn>Mw3J1U@V%P Bj;.d0^,!4M{\ ݋K"y?*hҜs- 1pJjcÖsc>%\Py7x4 C -q\6\cXHͧ1Yi2|p¯4'=o L̴͡F6gL9#Fiy@fk+)5ֶm T%fgΞXN͎~0p\Ɖx0J''%wL;_Iĵ'pbUMT} {ns_'x/f~$%W@ {*:{6sקG¾*`áQHv^J}B7 >#@ѭ&!ڝR6뎽"ډI<8 _[);f}SFM8N j,jmr屦QhpeLR& xP.FP_`1E .hq,дz?[Zm0 cw8s#ǁnw[$`SU'Q5 Bd=SE Gÿ8HnK04Aa"q0tz\QJE)=Z)})T%mHDF|C DhK*|~3HaXI!mHae [Vm@(}¦C[s萮 }ܜ]{'MZپi31q X19çTw:8soHb9ؿjm:ss$sIvssc61:% &1=Ҋ4xnZMbl >MNZ5պҁ a9tmG}y|<#^)S+z# |%KiTs7LwSL*"³7hY8,ˮDՃc,]7u o"UQs-^j6Ts~FVqX ӗV3ٙJ& = $7iҀ(ŝVTNӦL`uA7dK00 0m8?Qrx{m6b *ͥ97A- X..:£(q@ 8h|0~:W8Q\Qs<]a!JXZ'|. H%3mT,bfx{-ZW_UU%`6)D݊l|^_@oYy`Gc٢fRvLPF({guMOa%xTcD.5PfV7aJoDʖlG>V+EcZ9xY_IZ14YpɋI=i&bc9tvtL;.:*qa(G9@9Gf Eh,K:D`~-fyO Z@4 V8q=>>+ohoOG^^Sh^̣/̷2 [q6z ;+|{dɎVje#Θ9RX={hQ G{l[6ΡV/Pd{F9usI< u JNssT\/%3y;])~ۘS۠lR E krH'k]/eOe6uAudxdNm` hzj\=AWP/?Bh$ci-Bi$8j31/Gsgrܮ <$?#ˑ`Se91zt\ԏE{5]\l;pNyz!4!};;sx/>%p_qR9ף 9'RLԠ91g4(;]fۤ鼐-Rv>_G pSAh6y(/}џHg ,K)t>30+M-6[\q^t}J#,M3 =p?S \i#!FP!Bҙ1?C}1CAf]&ѓFњBmQz4| M ; XL&Ų0x%1nar"cv{$&=07nݘ /1${Mc입c//h Ftdh07/'|U4<e5mɾ eObMlvm79(:HC}sM}#V|eps] g@l=!S*N B-%CKN^@\DQeCVWl[LʣqA+='*WדPe5OluO|ur{7FtR HC}hz-CѪC)QrRk|)rA=h h`5p)z;)`,b0πbq{Z|.U9R+Y]rYpl&-q^l7lX_u[ ¹ZРc vF`76@-&7x!;BϮ 0="28Ω,R>цDIzNI)yyNRgE"EqDk*vw+JEO@}5[_RWAY$czɿJ [%&e4qrM|&+I9Vr€IAb6LJMעVSy Y% 7y$+IX $[)يR_!B\Resܒ*Td;HQyGrTYwxSgqԟ@ YvR3 Sp)->NMn&IT cȷ䩢N&7_Q]e|l#M6 %.HBS% &dI9[e&T[2&UH[̌03IpTID#眍?&{y{q=`381FQl(g wwhFVH"¿I*E z8ql8f[3,qh -CSN~; h' #X ֎鬧HevDgj]#x9 Gy`ғ[:Rzf`龚 t<8W"?Vw(ua[P<{ LZ0pțEűAYw~TUK|-VZiQ,K.+Bb"SV g=_'}D\q]vemrkNPZ|@;k'곅%*-,"]]>Hr3;kNLV71`kjT͈e}~'xL(FR@?`q 8Fnb]A]A&jIp!p(е)#`{(`- t0 0_qB] ^-AK>t^v.źxUⶪ-Y{YL&t{x4{0uwVY[^vnkz=.6AK0p2L}(PYX|"·cɉ$>v}:^:tb)vzv ZGSG;? ,8RNoWz-o/{mv9:o8'Δq;UsYNd]â#ݰ=!ثܣ)N]`TBNC vu=cZa+|@0 ӫafl(QFurTg9zQą֍@7u#)~u)NY V*PMqb{aOc'u]J^X_%>;ӂ<ה}`^=Q!DPJSCW6(m\ڪD *^r`t"*`wNk?.۰7 qv a̞+ϱwnȱeI*Jdkoqm [ސZHjfIm(l>l$l6΄AzѰК4~4~4.7ɠ5hlU( )Ki;ߚ00~0~0~0^ m69AV_XnFr7"g1PqMlL.͗T&7䓠2yR$堿)HB ae$ߑ; dӷI.BĭO~ M$G_f4àUi +2 tJO'ӷ@}2O%Q%LK2"tdLVnMԙni"此ZG~D&ՒQAmHWw>ftKťʯgdRFƴFFOaVLXEF*PHg!2@A'9=uR%T*42XH"q?祸kTGAşn6p-yK\KM(R3sQEE6@d:[thQO?&^2ŋ[?@c!L —Oe3M쉪F ى>;;vHU댷WĦj=ѣqݰ6QAhS a.TkJ}\E0.vuZ\yеȵе5wEBt;M܄MݰOYNP֡}S6 0feMij)h,o[Z3FISG`S(G 7l Bo"M-Bl(ii)Xo .9|5Ǟok#ͭKZp 斗WNӦV6;&{il`{]l_FUOw5A8 I*m%q%COh xa:~6IoˋICwܹ=R ]]v*AWktԐ;w6on>stream H\j0 ~ C[!JK!eFqy*^`Y-yn.w 䝂i1A%LyQ`I[_3($2%QU x8%Z`wý7H9{G 5XyчzD;4.-fKD(s_1A~@Q)+G-zД9/J\N*f_A3|lj> endobj 240 0 obj <> endobj 241 0 obj <> endobj 242 0 obj <>stream H:` endstream endobj 243 0 obj <>stream HW}pT?ʆݐdR6[. &!B&M"k f"f&(TZZa.,*Z*3uȌ3SqM6l2?:}_ι{}/;$ ߻[~H6seֿcVD篣ś>V%QCX=d,Hx  Ć 3zwwDs`rt\Za-lMe(ڠ .Z+BD |sMbŕ1/4YD&M\6^n\k_qn'KEB-W~޻~yr,*bF~BQ*)"t?0i޼p"Y(m8ڷx.JVdYV\PVf+YP^ix\|OO,뻚KOmb,ݑ{s 96ksNUkJL5wzA Ա q-** P ,6zM lA|- nwƠ bO!1>膝l {P!a=8p?wc18w)8? o=?0GK?o禔Kw+p4S~ګt:9ٛ~~ WȮ篑WP]>'uu> [aoC}[ҩ*;ۢwoŖ"¡` ׭]zʺ5U^b越RcnQfM(@M5z5jZI XQt*kMC>7)8hCDo: Qe:FM^N8BU$249D{xB{H "Ud0-T5 UuilElZ*yBUBAۭr <ǒX0*k.eЭU!=.J1BuV%$H5$MM PA'ɓOWbb8>ʄ 3,ьᨢs]WWRQc9KffYkZҌkow˵5X}~yBL%OX"EAn bZC;?"X #udփv1-nu K E%~^! PY_j0%ױ$ғ"Jڦr`S@ᯭo?MѴO8ީ\rWG;s 4^6 T&2"3"!q%0y<#l9MxF5GNQ3随k&U$ ==dJSJ*F"iL e?ӛޤ[qc}Rn(\%Rdm׸ƭօwB o܅~حc,جVO$D-F1l;8#*U٤JʷB3Ymcl:5UBw_g`nЮ )NEMqMj ގ[]]Oɛe-KiR ÅK+iXUUOvBțWJcVM ^#*s}fvY@EEa|0 NnDPuxvwww+vwٳs}ݙa0 ','2E[2Wi%oNh^vu|F8{9sTeqxch soג9rCG3֐J*܄ZxhwMiNj|TrQn.[d&? R8_7''%wKL/Tr̯pR!&ov.2۔dWWi76")(C)C()()8J?J_JJoJ/JOJwJ7JWJJgJ'JGJJ{J;J,- %ҚMiEiIiAiNiFiJiBiLiDiHi@OGԥԡԦԢԤDRjPSQRP*S*Q*R*PSQRP"()(%)%()(E)E()()()(y)y()(0JNJJvJ6JVJJfJ&J(%#%%bP)A@J%=şGIG)6JZJxQ<)LqQ\).4ԔTgEQLD||$S(_)_()()()(o)o()(/)g'ǔG{;۔[k+˔K s3ӔSc#ÔC}=ݔ]mVf&Fl,,,,,,,,̧̡̢̣̥̦̤̠LLLLLLLLE2w cbQ=G1(أ{cbQ=G1(أ{cbQ=(?G1(bQ?G1(bQ?G1(bQ?G1(bQ=G1(ŴvӎbQL;iG1(UnC$5Rdfl j.&`` *tPA?TN^/z=쮃 ].8tԁ@; h `V@Kah4 @}Z@M TUu@A*Tt@uAyP{ep/({@ ,@0P(a @. €@ ; ȊY̘ 2bt   N)tt/vfZbB3\ %Hk Rh:aS OGo@2X}>/A惽XK}(A[Yz-J^sY?z*DgȳP}{һ+#u[ꖬo oH]&uѸbk\^t2.Z΋4J:-w8!~\QK㈥q8d52o>{=Rvyt7vz0vx4{2I%HmͲI6JOKmZ/g57֘* c RˤJ-1ʝN=/ CrD4qqq$'N!n_\oHmK&eqW5⚪jT*zQeWeF0;Ϯoɮś $n:Ѳ[=Za.bEhS]$+'6Hu\kq0mF[!h*i Zj4cV"XeX%XEE My8g`.`6f3рiza &5F&a"*Q (GJQbG0c0AH 4pS`bNPq c0a 88p hȂ 7z'z .HE Én88]IhZ''  ?b/|- _ |)>dzn}ưڳɴц2‹9lŽhEn܅;a܎p+n͸ 7\-\p% \p!.،M؈p.؀-ZCA!B /_ȿ!B /_ȿ! tB tB tB tB tB tB tB tB/_Ⱦ}!B /d_ȾCÇ>8GF}~+e endstream endobj 244 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.012 Tc -0.008 Tw 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.6 566.36 Tm [(R)1(E)2(P)3(R)1(E)2(S)3(E)2(NT)2(AT)2(I)6(ON I)6(N T)2(HE)2( C)1(L)2(AS)3(S)3(R)1(OOM)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 18.886 0 Td ( )Tj 4.894 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 22.764 0 Td (32)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 72.6 526.52 Tm (Table )Tj (6.)Tj ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0 -2.16 TD (Effects of )Tj (Teacher Race/Ethnicity on Student Reading and Math Achievement, by Stude\ nt)Tj 35.656 0 Td (s' Prior)Tj ( )Tj (Performance Level, All Grades)Tj ( )Tj ET q 72.6 481.16 198 15.84 re W n BT /TT1 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 77.88 485.96 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 270.6 481.16 220.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 360.7347 485.96 Tm (Reading)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 491.16 481.16 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 496.4401 485.96 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 504.6 481.16 211.2 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 597.4398 485.96 Tm (Math)Tj 2.111 0 Td ( )Tj ET Q 72.6 497 198 0.96 re f 270.6 497 0.959 0.96 re f 271.56 497 219.6 0.96 re f 491.16 497 0.96 0.96 re f 492.12 497 12.48 0.96 re f 504.6 497 0.959 0.96 re f 505.56 497 210.24 0.96 re f q 72.6 449.72 198 30.96 re W n BT /TT1 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 77.88 469.64 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 270.6 449.72 63.12 30.96 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 294.3129 469.64 Tm (All )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 284.9877 455.72 Tm (Grades)Tj ( )Tj ET q 333.72 449.72 72 30.96 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 341.9464 469.64 Tm (Elementary )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 352.6075 455.72 Tm (Grades)Tj ( )Tj ET q 405.72 449.72 85.44 30.96 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 417.3507 469.64 Tm (Middle/High )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 431.3575 455.72 Tm (Grades)Tj ( )Tj ET q 491.16 449.72 13.44 30.96 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 496.4401 469.64 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 504.6 449.72 72.24 30.96 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 514.4708 469.64 Tm (All Grades)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 576.84 449.72 66.24 30.96 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 582.3817 469.64 Tm (Elementary )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 593.0428 455.72 Tm (Grades)Tj ( )Tj ET q 643.08 449.72 72.72 30.96 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 648.361 469.64 Tm (Middle/High )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 662.3678 455.72 Tm (Grades)Tj ( )Tj ET 72.6 480.68 198 0.48 re f 270.6 480.68 0.48 0.48 re f 271.08 480.68 62.64 0.48 re f 333.72 480.68 0.48 0.48 re f 334.2 480.68 71.52 0.48 re f 405.72 480.68 0.48 0.48 re f 406.2 480.68 84.96 0.48 re f 491.16 480.68 0.481 0.48 re f 491.64 480.68 12.96 0.48 re f 504.6 480.68 0.48 0.48 re f 505.08 480.68 71.76 0.48 re f 576.84 480.68 0.481 0.48 re f 577.32 480.68 65.759 0.48 re f 643.08 480.68 0.481 0.48 re f 643.56 480.68 72.239 0.48 re f q 72.6 417.32 198 31.92 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 77.88 438.2 Tm (White Race Match)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 270.6 433.16 63.12 16.08 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 291.4799 438.2 Tm (.003)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 433.16 72 16.08 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 359.0997 438.2 Tm (.006)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 405.72 433.16 85.44 16.08 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 437.8497 438.2 Tm (.001)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 491.16 433.16 13.44 16.08 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 497.7899 438.2 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 504.6 433.16 72.24 16.08 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 524.1299 438.2 Tm (.004**)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 576.84 433.16 66.24 16.08 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 599.535 438.2 Tm (.004)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 643.08 433.16 72.72 16.08 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 668.86 438.2 Tm (.000)Tj ( )Tj ET Q 72.6 449.24 198 0.48 re f 270.6 449.24 0.48 0.48 re f 271.08 449.24 62.64 0.48 re f 333.72 449.24 0.48 0.48 re f 334.2 449.24 71.52 0.48 re f 405.72 449.24 0.48 0.48 re f 406.2 449.24 84.96 0.48 re f 491.16 449.24 0.481 0.48 re f 491.64 449.24 12.96 0.48 re f 504.6 449.24 0.48 0.48 re f 505.08 449.24 71.76 0.48 re f 576.84 449.24 0.481 0.48 re f 577.32 449.24 65.759 0.48 re f 643.08 449.24 0.481 0.48 re f 643.56 449.24 72.239 0.48 re f q 270.6 417.32 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 287.4838 422.12 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 417.32 72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 355.1036 422.12 Tm (\(.005\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 405.72 417.32 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 433.8536 422.12 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 491.16 417.32 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 497.7899 422.12 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 504.6 417.32 72.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 526.1339 422.12 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 576.84 417.32 66.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 595.5389 422.12 Tm (\(.005\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 643.08 417.32 72.72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 664.8639 422.12 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 72.6 385.64 198 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 77.88 406.28 Tm (White Race Match *Low Performing)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 270.6 401.48 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 282.4799 406.28 Tm (.016***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 401.48 72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 350.0997 406.28 Tm (.030***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 405.72 401.48 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 428.8497 406.28 Tm (.013***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 491.16 401.48 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 497.7899 406.28 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 504.6 401.48 72.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 521.1299 406.28 Tm (.014***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 576.84 401.48 66.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 590.535 406.28 Tm (.016***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 643.08 401.48 72.72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 659.86 406.28 Tm (.008***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 270.6 385.64 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 287.4838 390.44 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 385.64 72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 355.1036 390.44 Tm (\(.004\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 405.72 385.64 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 433.8536 390.44 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 491.16 385.64 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 497.7899 390.44 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 504.6 385.64 72.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 526.1339 390.44 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 576.84 385.64 66.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 595.5389 390.44 Tm (\(.004\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 643.08 385.64 72.72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 664.8639 390.44 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 72.6 353.96 198 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 77.88 374.6 Tm (Black Race Match)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 270.6 369.8 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 291.4799 374.6 Tm (.003)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 369.8 72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 357.1017 374.6 Tm (-)Tj (.006)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 405.72 369.8 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 437.8497 374.6 Tm (.004)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 491.16 369.8 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 497.7899 374.6 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 504.6 369.8 72.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 521.1299 374.6 Tm (.015***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 576.84 369.8 66.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 599.535 374.6 Tm (.011)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 643.08 369.8 72.72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 659.86 374.6 Tm (.011***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 270.6 353.96 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 287.4838 358.76 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 353.96 72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 355.1036 358.76 Tm (\(.006\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 405.72 353.96 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 433.8536 358.76 Tm (\(.003\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 491.16 353.96 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 497.7899 358.76 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 504.6 353.96 72.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 526.1339 358.76 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 576.84 353.96 66.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 595.5389 358.76 Tm (\(.006\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 643.08 353.96 72.72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 664.8639 358.76 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 72.6 322.28 198 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 77.88 342.92 Tm (Black Race Match *Low Performing)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 270.6 338.12 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 291.4799 342.92 Tm (.000)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 338.12 72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 350.0997 342.92 Tm (.020***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 405.72 338.12 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 435.8517 342.92 Tm (-)Tj (.002)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 491.16 338.12 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 497.7899 342.92 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 504.6 338.12 72.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 528.1319 342.92 Tm (-)Tj (.001)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 576.84 338.12 66.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 590.535 342.92 Tm (.027***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 643.08 338.12 72.72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 666.8619 342.92 Tm (-)Tj (.004)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 270.6 322.28 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 287.4838 327.08 Tm (\(.003\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 322.28 72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 355.1036 327.08 Tm (\(.007\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 405.72 322.28 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 433.8536 327.08 Tm (\(.003\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 491.16 322.28 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 497.7899 327.08 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 504.6 322.28 72.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 526.1339 327.08 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 576.84 322.28 66.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 595.5389 327.08 Tm (\(.007\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 643.08 322.28 72.72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 664.8639 327.08 Tm (\(.003\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 72.6 290.36 198 31.92 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 77.88 311.24 Tm (Hispanic Race Match)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 270.6 306.2 63.12 16.08 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 291.4799 311.24 Tm (.000)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 306.2 72 16.08 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 359.0997 311.24 Tm (.000)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 405.72 306.2 85.44 16.08 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 435.8517 311.24 Tm (-)Tj (.002)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 491.16 306.2 13.44 16.08 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 497.7899 311.24 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 504.6 306.2 72.24 16.08 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 528.1319 311.24 Tm (-)Tj (.001)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 576.84 306.2 66.24 16.08 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 599.535 311.24 Tm (.000)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 643.08 306.2 72.72 16.08 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 668.86 311.24 Tm (.000)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 270.6 290.36 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 287.4838 295.16 Tm (\(.003\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 290.36 72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 355.1036 295.16 Tm (\(.007\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 405.72 290.36 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 433.8536 295.16 Tm (\(.003\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 491.16 290.36 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 497.7899 295.16 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 504.6 290.36 72.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 526.1339 295.16 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 576.84 290.36 66.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 595.5389 295.16 Tm (\(.007\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 643.08 290.36 72.72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 664.8639 295.16 Tm (\(.003\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 72.6 258.68 198 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 77.88 279.32 Tm (Hispanic Race Match *Low )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 77.88 263.48 Tm (Performing)Tj ( )Tj ET q 270.6 274.52 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 280.4818 279.32 Tm (-)Tj (.018***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 274.52 72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 357.1017 279.32 Tm (-)Tj (.014)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 405.72 274.52 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 426.8517 279.32 Tm (-)Tj (.020***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 491.16 274.52 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 497.7899 279.32 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 504.6 274.52 72.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 522.1319 279.32 Tm (-)Tj (.007**)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 576.84 274.52 66.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 597.537 279.32 Tm (-)Tj (.012)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 643.08 274.52 72.72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 666.8619 279.32 Tm (-)Tj (.007)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 270.6 258.68 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 287.4838 263.48 Tm (\(.003\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 258.68 72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 355.1036 263.48 Tm (\(.008\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 405.72 258.68 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 433.8536 263.48 Tm (\(.004\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 491.16 258.68 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 497.7899 263.48 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 504.6 258.68 72.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 526.1339 263.48 Tm (\(.003\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 576.84 258.68 66.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 595.5389 263.48 Tm (\(.008\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 643.08 258.68 72.72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 664.8639 263.48 Tm (\(.004\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 72.6 227 198 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 77.88 247.64 Tm (Asian Race Match )Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 270.6 242.84 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 291.4799 247.64 Tm (.008)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 242.84 72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 359.0997 247.64 Tm (.034)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 405.72 242.84 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 437.8497 247.64 Tm (.003)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 491.16 242.84 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 497.7899 247.64 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 504.6 242.84 72.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 521.1299 247.64 Tm (.035***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 576.84 242.84 66.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 597.537 247.64 Tm (-)Tj (.043)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 643.08 242.84 72.72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 659.86 247.64 Tm (.042***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 270.6 227 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 287.4838 231.8 Tm (\(.019\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 227 72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 355.1036 231.8 Tm (\(.052\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 405.72 227 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 433.8536 231.8 Tm (\(.022\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 491.16 227 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 497.7899 231.8 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 504.6 227 72.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 526.1339 231.8 Tm (\(.012\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 576.84 227 66.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 595.5389 231.8 Tm (\(.050\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 643.08 227 72.72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 664.8639 231.8 Tm (\(.014\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 72.6 195.32 198 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 77.88 215.96 Tm (Asian Race Match )Tj (*Low Performing)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 270.6 211.16 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 289.4818 215.96 Tm (-)Tj (.039)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 211.16 72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 357.1017 215.96 Tm (-)Tj (.108)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 405.72 211.16 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 435.8517 215.96 Tm (-)Tj (.047)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 491.16 211.16 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 497.7899 215.96 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 504.6 211.16 72.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 530.1299 215.96 Tm (.020)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 576.84 211.16 66.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 599.535 215.96 Tm (.014)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 643.08 211.16 72.72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 666.8619 215.96 Tm (-)Tj (.010)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 270.6 195.32 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 287.4838 200.12 Tm (\(.053\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 195.32 72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 355.1036 200.12 Tm (\(.170\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 405.72 195.32 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 433.8536 200.12 Tm (\(.065\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 491.16 195.32 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 497.7899 200.12 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 504.6 195.32 72.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 526.1339 200.12 Tm (\(.043\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 576.84 195.32 66.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 595.5389 200.12 Tm (\(.111\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 643.08 195.32 72.72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 664.8639 200.12 Tm (\(.047\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 72.6 179.48 198 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 77.88 184.28 Tm (R)Tj (-)Tj (Squared)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 270.6 179.48 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 294.4799 184.28 Tm (.87)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 179.48 72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 362.0997 184.28 Tm (.92)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 405.72 179.48 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 440.8497 184.28 Tm (.89)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 491.16 179.48 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 497.7899 184.28 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 504.6 179.48 72.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 533.1299 184.28 Tm (.89)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 576.84 179.48 66.24 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 602.535 184.28 Tm (.93)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 643.08 179.48 72.72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 671.86 184.28 Tm (.90)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 72.6 163.4 198 16.08 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 77.88 168.44 Tm (Observations)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 270.6 163.4 63.12 16.08 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 277.9799 168.44 Tm (5,106,697)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 163.4 72 16.08 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 345.5997 168.44 Tm (1,443,623)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 405.72 163.4 85.44 16.08 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 424.3497 168.44 Tm (3,663,074)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 491.16 163.4 13.44 16.08 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 497.7899 168.44 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 504.6 163.4 72.24 16.08 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 516.6299 168.44 Tm (5,177,527)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 576.84 163.4 66.24 16.08 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 586.035 168.44 Tm (1,410,310)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 643.08 163.4 72.72 16.08 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 655.36 168.44 Tm (3,767,217)Tj ( )Tj ET Q 71.88 162.44 198.72 0.96 re f 269.88 162.44 0.959 0.96 re f 270.84 162.44 62.88 0.96 re f 333 162.44 0.96 0.96 re f 333.96 162.44 71.76 0.96 re f 405 162.44 0.96 0.96 re f 405.96 162.44 85.199 0.96 re f 490.44 162.44 0.96 0.96 re f 491.4 162.44 13.2 0.96 re f 503.88 162.44 0.959 0.96 re f 504.84 162.44 72 0.96 re f 576.12 162.44 0.96 0.96 re f 577.08 162.44 66 0.96 re f 642.36 162.44 0.96 0.96 re f 643.32 162.44 72.48 0.96 re f BT /TT0 1 Tf 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.6 153.08 Tm [(N)-5(o)-1(t)3(e:)3( T)-3(h)-1(i)3(s t)3(ab)-1(l)3(e p)-1(r)1(esen)-1(t)3(s t)3(h)-1(e r)1(esu)-1(l)3(t)2(s o)-1(f)1( si)3(x)-1( sep)-1(ar)1(at)3(e r)1(eg)-1(r)1(essi)2(o)-1(n)-1(s.)3( T)-3(h)-1(e d)-1(ep)-1(en)-1(d)-1(en)-1(t)3( v)-1(ar)1(i)3(ab)-1(l)3(e i)2(s t)2(h)-1(e st)3(u)-1(d)-1(en)-1(t)2(')3(s st)2(an)-1(d)-1(ar)1(d)-1(i)2(zed)-1( sco)-1(r)1(e)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 49.514 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw 0.254 0 Td [(on t)4(he)1( F)-1(C)-3(A)-4(T)-2( r)3(e)1(a)1(di)4(ng or)3( m)-4(a)1(t)4(h t)4(e)1(s)2(t)4(.)4( )]TJ -49.768 -1.341 Td [(L)-2(ow)-4( pe)1(r)2(f)2(or)2(m)-5(i)4(ng s)1(t)4(ude)1(nt)3(s)1( a)1(r)2(e)1( i)3(de)1(nt)4(i)3(f)2(i)4(e)1(d a)1(s)1( s)1(t)3(ude)1(nt)3(s)1( w)-4(ho w)-4(e)1(r)2(e)1( i)4(n t)4(he)1( bot)4(t)4(om)-5( t)3(e)1(r)2(t)3(i)4(l)4(e)1( of)2( pe)1(r)2(f)2(or)2(m)-5(a)1(nc)1(e)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 39.624 0 Td ( )Tj 0.005 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.254 0 Td [(i)1(n)-3( t)1(h)-3(e)-2(i)1(r g)-3(ra)-2(d)-3(e)-2( a)-2(c)-2(ro)-3(s)-1(s)-1( t)1(h)-3(e)-2( e)-2(n)-3(t)1(i)1(re)-2( s)-1(t)1(a)-2(t)1(e)-2( i)1(n)-3( t)1(h)-3(e)-2( p)-3(re)-2(v)-3(i)1(o)-3(u)-3(s)-1( y)-3(e)-2(a)-2(r.)1( )]TJ 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw -39.878 -1.341 Td [(M)-8(o)-1(d)-1(el)2(s i)2(n)-1(cl)2(u)-1(d)-1(e co)-1(n)-1(t)2(r)2(o)-1(l)2(s f)1(o)-1(r)1( y)-1(ear)1(,)3( g)-1(r)1(ad)-1(e,)3( t)2(ea)1(cher)1( g)-1(en)-1(d)-1(er)1(,)3( t)2(each)-1(er)1( r)1(a)1(ce,)3( t)2(each)-1(er)1( ex)-1(p)-1(er)1(i)2(en)-1(ce,)3( t)2(eac)1(h)-1(er)1( ex)-1(p)-1(er)1(i)2(en)-1(ce sq)-1(u)-1(ar)1(ed,)3( t)2(e)1(ach)-1(e)]TJ 0.005 Tc -0.001 Tw 50.586 0 Td [(r q)-3(u)-3(a)-2(l)1(i)1(t)1(y)-3( \()]TJ -0.005 Tw 4.007 0 Td [(i)1(e)-2(.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 0.987 0 Td ( )Tj 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw 0.254 0 Td [(a t)3(each)-1(er)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 3.638 0 Td (-)Tj 0.005 Tc -0.005 Tw 0.338 0 Td [(s)-1(p)-3(e)-2(c)-2(i)1(fi)1(c)-2(,)1( )]TJ 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw -59.811 -1.341 Td [(av)-1(er)2(ag)-1(e v)-1(al)3(u)-1(e)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.614 0 Td (-)Tj 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw 0.338 0 Td [(a)1(dde)1(d s)2(c)1(or)3(e)1(\))3(,)4( s)2(c)1(hool)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 8.325 0 Td ( )Tj 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw 0.254 0 Td [(l)3(ev)-1(el)3( r)2(ace,)3( s)1(ch)-1(o)-1(o)-1(l)3( l)3(ev)-1(el)3( p)-1(o)-1(v)-1(er)2(t)3(y)-1(,)3( av)-1(er)2(ag)-1(e s)1(ch)-1(o)-1(o)-1(l)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 19.244 0 Td (-)Tj 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw 0.338 0 Td [(l)3(ev)-1(el)3( ach)-1(i)3(ev)-1(em)-5(en)-1(t)3(,)3( )]TJ 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw 7.872 0 Td [(a)1( dum)-4(m)-4(y va)1(r)3(i)4(a)1(bl)4(e)1( i)4(ndi)4(c)1(a)1(t)4(i)4(ng l)4(ow)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 13.434 0 Td (-)Tj 0.007 Tc -0.007 Tw 0.338 0 Td [(p)-1(er)2(f)1(o)-1(r)2(m)-5(an)-1(ce,)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.389 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 0.254 0 Td [(a)1(nd )]TJ 0.009 Tc -0.004 Tw -61.4 -1.341 Td [(s)3(t)5(u)1(d)1(e)2(n)1(t)5( )1(f)4(i)5(x)1(e)2(d)1( )1(e)2(f)4(f)4(e)2(c)2(t)5(s)3(.)5( )1(FLD)-2(O)-2(E )1(i)5(n)1(c)2(l)5(u)1(d)1(e)2(s)3( )1(Pa)2(c)2(i)5(f)4(i)5(c)2( )1(I)4(s)3(l)5(a)2(n)1(d)1(e)2(r)4(s)3( )1(i)5(n)1( )1(t)5(h)1(e)2( )1(A)-2(s)3(i)5(a)2(n)1( )1(c)2(a)2(t)5(e)2(g)1(o)1(r)4(y)1(.)5( )1(St)5(a)2(n)1(d)1(a)2(r)4(d)1( )1(e)2(r)4(r)4(o)1(r)4(s)3( )1(c)2(l)5(u)1(s)3(t)5(e)2(r)4(e)2(d)1( )1(b)1(y)1( )1(c)2(l)5(a)2(s)3(s)3(r)4(o)1(o)1(m)-3( )1(i)5(n)1( )1(p)1(a)2(r)4(e)]TJ 0.004 Tc 50.94 0 Td [(n)-4(th)-4(e)-3(s)-2(e)-3(s)-2(. )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 3.5 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 0.254 0 Td (** )Tj -0.004 Tw 1.27 0 Td [(p <)-1( 0.)4(05,)4( *** p<)-1(0.)4(01)]TJ 0.004 Tc (, )Tj 0.005 Tc -0.005 Tw -55.964 -1.341 Td [(\(t)1(w)-6(o)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 1.863 0 Td (-)Tj 0.005 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.338 0 Td [(t)1(a)-2(i)1(l)1(e)-2(d)-3( t)1(e)-2(s)-1(t)1(s)-1(\))]TJ 0.133 0.133 0.133 scn /TT2 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 12 0 0 12 140.0804 87.08 Tm ( )Tj 12 0 Td ( )Tj ET endstream endobj 245 0 obj <> endobj 246 0 obj <>stream HV TEPDQ/">QvhP|5`eE`$>ZIԘH|&шEWkWXh[hؿ$=s̙Ͻ-xy^Zb3hj7֦%e9yM1~6gVQZ:v3.m #J\Ѥ?v a)6ϚL%-¿EՋ<(zU H]TO)hxM{2AfĽhߠbM8#Tٴ cꪖCO(땕픢nzZyj$0j~ :sq856[hӌGb})' [c"N qNޢ DwIpE[SW1 idGx2I*Grh6 WKLQqaB큜)&мC(>8"i̺<Խ_H.~IukYҔi2nKy)5CCe)pZȰ*|lIYQ[~%Y;acp%çd;mF *Nw MrSRmֽ*7u[Ö, !k#a6Z,$M xF(_fRb4m kgL/̴2IcaJE {(-GIZ<){v{H[-UT *SP,3nS9qk۷'V >6rmU);I|4tn ,^sF $n*5K[wr7)+UlOmp0smtR̮bv`b߾n[${"MzU2Ê.4LHEUDeWhaNrs|mM( op@$aMh;pPMl)vD1)1+sMq4Tx2]Q9g#.tCGqd+9<9.Խ#&٦q?4B%ֵD+jÐA5yΩVP>#UgXa'+:JUǁ[V)(~Otz8,ؑVD& FnN e:i_]<[uP O=-1E ثAOirR{C&?/yejݪ DarMUCDΆ0Fm|;`ApFjl=cg(2>?+<8Ud $"wq+ |w26f% \SӸxo-sP݋K.:g;樹xVJr6n f:Tt5ce*DAhjXm%u`Y.s::TE_NhuZJVņe/$_ԇWpX}p>n>`M]mImo7]k _ -Z|HH0`{Ϝtow#vM4|7Á I(`2[<#t$e,M!*zK*N(ޞE*vm%\ą I_a*).?[o./pad#&ψ >y9cXðs6agYD^q$[,ïN憈S&nsgY퉰:V&AȠ& TCĊCPѓX&;;A/O-d_G|H]k_</̰e+o8C݃kq qv%T,Ny>ɠ ăUWR\\gj!Qfe). >2G Vvҿ%(Z~] "1dOO./u;}@kfQUM'^(C~*aNPtG̯NOoަn@~p+bB&2a]2"r1iDوMG=Z+ixG;^(8&o?YaP<5-2$WXXkQNñ~X\6Mu^kɡ__Cjܢ˜&ũ屹ɓޡWn԰hl۱#S!싛<YfRZRWZ,/|]>Q\u߷{ܟ]r%h,B I;- bZJZ̔FlkǪhM@DGiuuH锈uHo[{oNI0y~*sKh\+?U²#zg)Sɤޞ9fsL=;Еw"2,[HQ5>P#-QR_oH7J%N0ҙ#?>O0\LZ|\cs\prڊڶT)8Q.nQ#\͈ݏ5µ)ej=93yܥsLLf2ߓ$O "[7EJz.P?MIehW܏gj*em$e$jLjk;[=fߖ:'/ڳ3B va|rd/Jkw˼BwJyM03\vf3hk^\ t<^AIf^>Z{շQQyd45q13 ~#~q &N%dK]MbU1V9|!C,n2U ^~'L QFaC*P#TfXyc\&7 O` pE~\Ǡ?;K7HOz?(i'G` ~I:^WژUek"Ƨ# ٳmyuJ:p,ct-4}pi&ĺ.rc+>QS@SS) 7U+ e-A1:W_],W w}m)*;}l[(Fja]axy/kmZ{޾D=8ؼ.J@A>sXV8 m0F0\| V} E8S ےxt& bLyÙw{_mڡ=ۿ9T??zx mֺ?ɾ< %*\h--ҋc{o;S?kݨX2l$%f-PlD\Nl4=h xxT1ŰŚM)ZY7Ni3,r.ʁGw<$/"q+~bZZc@h Jl`X?uT ,WPrcKtN_0X3D*k>&3}wϹ|>;s|v|?ȵDB(IC$ +MRR#PUgTmU ~Ґ׌~:!Th46RM;;jٱE~}'`rUGWT2y̬yWoEJ}k-fBRfԧ'O{Z?]zc!FU~_էRUt?}J*`a&>jR%Ԥ8ߟ4;x+c{m]EbZ~oCeO=]ȐSCl@Q\@uhh˭lvG~i|ȍF  C/Bx\gc(ͪxiOI{NeNq (W(l6D]I lbBER^Lo.2n12Ia: fQ&qT͈ZP4Y8jdpgGAԶ-Lm @3?af8&CiWZ<ΘrLkNDKv4rXcAqN6ih|ٺ̓Z 7^8/gzcϾ`\&~ukY8ƪaIBɧ# ɾO|e۹ф{ 0 ;wG YIoٷl{"=1X!*YY+l1mw)}7BoDGLr*z~fb Rf-$j089gmU JTTKpZX @-0Ӳ2Pň::-FrT+PLjHEG ~!c}&?oǩsc8h% p$;#N4'w">p ˄Mh$ϼcwiJH>=`/􄴳u^dž7Y)wլo3o7-AΩ8ɶ:#ҡ%~َ߂sp^#/4cdSJZ.e:.tTUYetI̺vK'vZMM2MnwN?}™(OQTFÈpSYrgxPlsZphb`;'f慚SGϗ~=?E[-u:#-Oċ{掃OAVC/g#"(3Dd ȟr.X':^SpX`6pM#׼QCG\  l?(f!U8!n:HP\ hΩ#uu;U *)TЏ+^R\QHQ toaK8Kp0dcĸ6RD! & {n']BL !gWs ?Gyi3+jXo9N@Wt]:8c7d5 jX)՞TƖ) bWijn?(A6p3}1Ok2%9چc3s3UTPfrAo "j{/vH^ԋfnR SU$5^ssI[S^3a("N99s1>wӳݹ56^õM-s36wgԸ鴥ݎ<5x$/5|W$#mv+_wji6T{k-~O\*&, P:2JԲOa ? <r˥ZAq&GzCFY=-y"]zûSkFk"ߟ>VxĸCm-G"#nl944Qm΢72凥5ws:] ؟?QRV㷱6?M(Y%iRSAU)TM4ceng;Q7fsJRUJER |x^Fj5XR HU)?\Ksz ت8"М-X4.VD1唀vʽZ[Qa1JdpTi3/<8V^64#Tg Ә3?s ` FP-,ϐgu3MЦ)Jzuv/p{ZX6Xz6كN|CAvm,i4Ӎ[@%#s(>./?v|xR I{} tr̰_y+ߊlYHJb8 :ՉT3\\.Xl]}$tfqQ8S.GrV`4lNȒR9Dd#qU5"[gK_eZvAS-|S O2ө}{GG~oaw~%Җ;09u*=^j+<{sxt=Q0;?'_VH>mٸRϨTgP7J0':ҧΛ~]u+_9v.tM}iv:w&jNa4~s&o0f&gy>Bg%g;LFs/BS*zݻ &p4BRЪ_=%BbA&(B ذNa-bʫdz!E 7mMW'X*>or7'7{0qU{Vg+`De,)R Ȏ ^Z&vfӊF$lNؠe+LY}̋4m3*9HV H ϲQ1#4YEyL٤eoPBԇyXɸ#aX/\Ki=rVlv_FN;sU2jd*% 97ewzrrkM2/\mI!r{z.+]H :xs{Ɗ0` h3ڙPPV$9/ ;״[3V:`5Xk=Lm?qi%لt=qe~Qlx$I&1IšId-{!Q5#QQ*#5vRIٵW_Dj|#W@d*rhծ=ˑwI&ra mJ0*RpVw, "~U> |rƁ[Cg0둉q;:) EvqD!^̸iaV3h_y̶Ѿ=RK kPn{Z'։Ugo7Y3xN-S)y*B׹M[vC`khh:n܁={L {6Cr QCb?,t-2}ن(0q B"\͝Ϸ^P }B/f-EFۻ-WpUNf̌ LTP&/&`;d8%CY5ZJ&#(E.gMЋ.* aI8mM}Bg; w X<]|#JPr!_(B~BoDxQBՉV,ڎ d˭Fc8sN Ţ>彮ʰ{82щ07ðղʍIѱ՞1,&՛3ߚ.лh믲̆#='+'Ɔ5pS( >!\s&TQO:YҺ1V?2JL-_,Ͽ2q}8|{co|ï74u tҷc7~S?|%V:0kk !~ywo>?_DApʀAw !!1z;I%䎚LH@tA7yΒY1q,W[ڱutW+"JAGȰJMmmțn9:F? #tAV FKi 4}rT3?K}-= G^:1" tЀUj_*nNICzZvţiLUUӝn#m.3^gJB:pWY NƄ5<@bfN+YϜF10>!o~7yJc|Qd%AG0=|/4.4@)_jntuj[sIŔ1X%x^ݻj S+zaZDy3ʨqKخ&3VZi-ɒm5s%s08-fҐЉIPLiSCJ4q)4HMtf&L#4v[9fOw|\ Mkh쁝׾ř PϢV~ΚXrs[~~M@kzW@(%?&+|.$1;" j$"H }y@A#`@Q`zƂyŦl }YқKhU_& 0A+fvVWτgt;* mFI]Ig [a^"OTԊƤ: Tw,VUz hmYwobgRcSN%ti\׹B9H߀^C!r(^ M\nE1&vvA] V>3[T_~}ЗF`oDyGsu+(FG; 52ey:v (O`F!3( PB9JgQ`n7eE//ϣPit|@?䁹 kʁxDQtMcx4f~rzʶ~ڱN8${Gp%UUc|qI_{k'~mRnkt`YS`+ Xin*1ƀf ,xiBR ?"CB m!4>9h ?s~;{}T@EtMUL ]AC &[ HC]rjqptFAAnyf .EX*򒽩GD9v6>1jLu :t #j[L+A(t)t if%zS5IkOm2 r A<(@w^ftoB7k6[XSn eRdzX𠻆;:xQX)\їp'_PYا9,Ў.8' YDM N:RLe9ϩǀ^M0*= gtV 6o =q^}O1n4=.<7:<!(22;Q#l?5{~;1ehI 7U姊A^}DJmMhP鄄(#g7R$dY+g_a ?Ԙ)~#6<[iD. tEHT;T"Pv( ~{%zwZ麺4ߣe6{Ia↘BO|2R@0[z:M*oT{P 2 at,5rx"]7)` ?@ M}t6fwÝ=rAilz}!#?%-I9'Qɤkw,~anX^ _φ/φ<32ޅG k|bVԸHU8H&Cm5 ١e"^0x@* uy 7Om?tsf:Ry a"C ]'!2[z"PE8OL>5 zXc++6Hf9bߩon'`f6_'nw/xx%!o"Ʌ.qcE8̊[f찛ѨXwlƇTx#ۓW+lw:=R m6QJF+D=<|,f}eߗ}3v|_] H~i"5I<o{=b'\iDDMimyZZX#ZjPkE}?<up#VC4@f@W\gzİy3h3`:mPGֵv j~{o' ޢAL K$y.7DNp(89;x|! РO2 qtwY4@S8pbAq^rcU3*S̺Ep Ν()(P1NFb@"=qu']I}ϻOLfq~*lqD]=so@ZjfhcxQo >sՃ9k 3.hguWº6(}<DNJ(u(577W*yktBUUsVב Ό/Gy> endobj 248 0 obj <>stream H\V tW9/ ܸ@" Tr#Mr=xDT1ZZUVcV&4F/ϚiXUEXz0hYg{eos}-Dh+*r=o畜E#1wꜜMSZeʥy:e?%F8~K.fWKfKw[|?5͛?j#`fQx:; gL֜6B~5@e` Z5)6 6!TCu 5j6.>}_ C#4F4E34G g]@KъHD!:8/ڠ-bvG肮HF7tD`/gpfz #mԞq?TLN$G>=W5S~Α؎H gT2&662`n:Uu<(d$;|fa9HۅC2UУ4dXi˝WJ*Ɯ48ڄF&{?1јUd|iP.㘍+*6S8/YRʯITkl &rwRiF#^ .K=Iԩ&48[B;ɣ-zc,a+q?g I*3r߾DnYxsy+61z؉(*L1Zab=}+/rM~P1f6Gh4K P\U@jO\} qګ z>ʊp+ZX'R#11ٱ<4"V{_x)i׷fktX1b5TO7v<."zb XpvRP7#uj CV~UT@aX ,ޒJuL/ ͟l5T˺ob.P $UVlƻZ"m97[KZIcRRA}&-pOP>@|*lWiTMuRG9Qz@@ ӇuG7+Z;17`y&g=+:#bۗV<547y'g:\@GT8 /T0rzP宏_R>oV%bʔM-!&56bc}$ \Rfwx5߄uomK.*t~џ:J'D-r{>ʤ5$֨1ɬCnYhJ0l5c!f;wm$jq[)ng (R.{؟غHL1Ky a@C}-SWm2t!+5 2&\BgRyiS{]-rTFC{sjaCSSzܽ[r.;uL>1!]\l6c"[[F[4oִIFa ׫[vj ^-wFܙq Ld\x^LeY>LRj{\vN]d/Kwr~M#"(/lǗ1+ؓv&bwH(܅%;*̓[ZM5q{|>m8qg_/IIl & lkgMq -1uK'ZJhB]1(^g(&MU@ӴL8ٹIJ4iڳ}ssTj}^ǦIq]#5A1ɍJ ;KfN[©&347=|J'ć~E+?0.:J q,KDA8Ɗ Ma r&2B&GXEMD|ddNpqcEe`a,K Ya4N+^#axJVm .ٰIԜp፼b p)"Iq0!3$LE遭1mEP7F&BJMƒ9slBd2=E.N^nksr&ySxje.*9:&l 8! !#LVp2Sxf}s?i08 ЦP"-Xj+X+X2xyIK-Q%XJedI Ia$JuM娢YQu#9)b1 mQ j9*Q"?n@)n.!,GݸJR%a>ŨD! v Ѹ~2{G]ÎBy)`ڵN Z'}-$G=SpѤpu;yhsy{)^f׼;%4Eh7Hu j &JuN_2Lph3#"~y?Q_]HcCkt ̣BL|<# '7xvvo Zo.̍}g񳱋g?y5ʎp̀! Ҋl͞PE+]P:^W&Ert+_V~LgG L_Qg? $&l&QL->_%ʟote'uDDQ;PR *-Zp>p *"}8|g) %rV I#ͼ}~ݲՕ}/W8W]9'\%bhe %=rk!JU(xR;<^ +30H `= 3ϭ_۫G Y;+x}Q@"8C -(οi=QhJ]牯-_%J&jiwCq0.}kƷZwYww[w͇{ߨ>;ѳ`>[nl#.q C6Y%Y<:Ֆ#w((+j;G9|t-G-7w/wv}}d}GG")  >,t_}Lt\puFmZ66yb/{mXs62ꪰN/j,{Aen#i*mHL{U #L)ѡk:^]&j 6p_V٭4UsCr0i?еb +j )&pnARY離Pמ+Ӄ**ܔ8{"ngeNYt59iQ m8[>9҅q+\7j&(şՆ*dy:Wɵp 7ʉ99Bn Mեv ӓD8 98>,;#Sk,x?O Bp0 q,G|mn;I;"HǮ0v̦δDTX T.D5lqӨh4)isbc= \<4Ѭ<U+Q>;4eNԏ;il!l-8 =|cpyedO$iuhx~ד'59|_ݙ>xpM ~Jg&cn1c^.c?牟f=B*zt1t \.`IXOC? Be lSRq:殮T>%QNnijk|D3Vm KKɣƪy^/ߨf߄ezqZX {_ JvB}8!1 Wj|cI?E3%H)i$2~je{ON8/ }_]w|Py5_/>JjKݾ(4&:8 , Yfyn,W.!p@F o=}Ak jڮv :עgtk.5vE2JNX+y,5M+QV.SXMAtgp^,SԱtlz uM}m> ?_Lt >u$ +MLJ3 NbD)2=+pPɘS(,W_Ǵˇrٱ~qqɯb~AϱMgǾu~rz<׬2簞aYb?z^#gRzyumyYy%,ْMޱJ$ rWdkH򫑫F̾RC.cC,< ./x0p:J+,,r9JA+#2;=5}`%>= }_]F2e O7K]x,YY2O4ܫ=*U*8(W[2wDOxgxӸ \As+q‹EFĈ13"\*4 ی4Xr2 IWj'z/Nҁ&pN9X'oX鞣Ou=HԡYYu# Fuoxkߪ0Xb@a;O Oj>o~iD[ 煊onoXud8^X]+q?b)CND6^;PUA,ydp$-spi6`D"sb& IrYP-ȫQSD&9TB)p7k3q!*DD wmTCwvգQG뽷7l+EXA ?*>%t]TMggF-YI <½/g"D@q=jg˙r\^7AN 麡 I0pkAxy-)%p8,a`a\uiE#pn26քw5ɵBcFꛔi)/0]g 4 S^ګH4ș/>lm|aCHhZ&K2$>?ůy5'p[l]ۿږ+7 y +ߕm1RzO$>lcQě/ħ`ÛD/>f@>(=B >Qxe EL3VͲ=eChK *K D*A$XJ},M݀4 e>1׵En򤴳֒=$CȱݵnQ>-/W@|6kpdEvQ9Ciۻ]~U~!/oo+)fe:* Q΀ 8fEI:t-J#u#V֒xc/AZM#5MGd~@30 Sҭ݄ۛ: 2 uS9'tMP 1lsS QE FXJ8#I"E aֵmע+ *r)k/0-a W} xoݒ8ceժ\zF`]{1t|gϒo\pxVmM'kyn떚Ԛy.} {B|~52vy5d ƴZ-[ 2/LW f(=!J$0PgJIg6L1!09Q+=jÍȝv^h'YF15j,뉍<,ߦ5![<3ϝ2'~o:Z5al(/E jN+<*4v.liIF9./;)A؝Aҭi]cueKG䯗8{UwvU(_B?_=Gpc&tg>sO[]{xv}؏ܠ`Ww{{p:: ՘v8p{쭗!U1 VVV"ѧ6QPUi wȧW1|uz&C)21@Ȧ ޾~!fr)7 }LTj4]qC Rs T")! (BiRɎBRO8ch~Frò5o85uvma $6 މ ?6 uT%ON>?Tjy?" /E$΁ 8:77n&f_$8 `3A'1 1WGHh ?˻0 xf$}r˛Dc6D;^ >ChZH.K1^X~0[wA_b93 InX&n5FwCA! wpF̿,w{ܿ{{bCA"(V}.|9_ȋ~;l6h9u}ڐ@H z/ jaxp\ cdjgPU @AtWZ?H=i  cAHbP)'tX`Ūh1A2 n2& gτ to477#Wó'/*OPEâхߺ /] $q+v/$, ,LEa[bDPb'-v*巄Qsv2 -ke1eHMdfVg4U)-sS*WLEŸRՑjSW#וK2%'Opؙ,-{4dj)\歗#bXf3LOBY- x Fkݑ"Ê0fj3+J"Ke!Bo6͑MrkNzoإ2_DGu Ca>s#86D!+]ݳ7f[Ҳ3/&1GŻ<8d4mW1! IkKa+$Mv6qq;/}>>ߝvrKJkK[/d]jVx2u]kZ*:5䪬02ʤIc+uڦLT5igIh=wy|PxZYomppYvt+t/|g%Sk:jZK+̔+z'6&u]$:_*:4EМ#4 8s]׉uejA\P 4c`ʹxϡ זCj$c-$ʚ9J +9*rK^q\s,W5T=GF"i=ޤ5E5xa)d9R8ӠY6 kR8x 1p0 q?>m)xP#K6 dǕ5 g YsHE|!$ F\^^kG\vKHr%ˆ/ϱrNA]XS+ h[4

UavSmQ;/˦wLESLYj.SSAG 0i{+lq&+ҥH|9"GW-.Gqf`4hWZmm8rť8 A㟉º]!2:AE]!'s.oђDKa dC(*nN( u>DYl 5g81ga:(ȀbG9's8QFYr5n1׎bvόV~6.1Xn/WyvoRsnj&0-_k1O~ {Ã=H!6{ QȋJI2 W+\TV:*i_DbEt:d ,@yYP[ҙ:Y?ӖE2}n{bChFiіTҖ6 `J&ʴuݖ0HP>`"J5FKZ(E&v%qU}-y~ve-TMȠ`^J#E*JIj _v:z T&~&oBզ9q\'[3&NOQ&#)lm/Y==_3^e3jY%ȉVa͆fuʻ(Xӥ"hQ@:#W ^BԜ$c(QZ,7̍p /lrC_%E `کicjJF4L$Md黺&5-}3 PHSSZܮiRDO谥T *Rҗ x@}[ݯR@V{uxtL:hz;[wE^B [P3:kMt:]즹Um$~nQAgmRTvT<)`΢ 5[vʗ^{W?l lag|üHM_*G:p޺8-al]&u@Rv ^.KT^.Pj7z\ 13)%LT*1EB)R\g6ZrhZ/m{]z|2yi8wU$ y4%Fʌ?rX&>}A?ΙHפkQFg"a Eyۑh%I?7>$dIGͬϔD3+4Ge;9!L=Qr6[;Qjڠ`GxӞ6,),|@jsW)مt^tu2wRK&(^$y/'šɑb^4}yP P5̟[͂as/\ } KHf'%Ŀ׿knfr#߾Ⱏܽ1pd&M > o` BC+fVV'1[OuAר. kG/` OtZAp9 '8{ebWM~hr IvS4$@Mh *|#f0 56.:0.[MecջwtGAϩ4g=6_3"f3oiH螻2, Y\@/_~8 Dž _`~e"@“N0 GMx]?A@e<2u(qBfE#䅀Ǽ<<1 L˓)_ͣ)E 1TpqaAFNf6E \XHI`Q 5n7<12;Pм '¶% )}k.aߵwll?lcsr1~)5F,3*c2S4|Muj 㰷wNqFZ]L {-⻪:m&*2o) ǒ*PB*UHtmyYU[eHGE,/OI^+l*,\/vW'^޾㥣geb; )\(hܿpp696BIUWC)!?g겙uRљy3nN~o\Q.J$1x>`瓝̴CЧd]/.%/7c!+687R" E ( Օa)%Ws,' 4V3Xl"F"H0Qh`,%(Zi+VFLU#mQi u֬L*ђdsNn?oO|~YKQ(6`)Zlrữ0_eItiXMz]MܜT5%aFeqNY*اn0fHI9ՖsPMd3%9F'&R:Z{Y\UT^ XFׄ"<͠NdT5 XR*)21ڗňh]|q$!-XL#_W@hV[Ii CfSS5eq'yxi?vK(;v' ^h!yT"cցu$-*vGgG&R#HdD.h-QݮIϸ4.0{6C+ʻ \,+ FQq).g2mC)aj~~k!A@&Ŝ\;C`pn8?\Z|ϋ$/ue`i7?|93f҃R[lH K}@Dk !t#WS1;t5gR8`9oհ%G^ +@)ޛ^Ľw6o^/Jht~]BH5+FdY@Ke"XBuW*NT&<&Vy/%E R^>GCi*@؉I;!W5 DSG3GV-- zܙiy¨k%R?~!n E*N$,C"=XdxY2pH&h&Id]iYQ \;.+l|ãOoG1& \>RzHUbzf=ީmO_g/K:7j*.e+Z5_fi C!i c1՛MN_gĤF%g % /IF3% Uqcl׈~%8 2 < /\=y}E!L_|UbQiUCRg?aO£~ ob[xvDͯavҊ翰> zK)E*I~5tff+drPxɳea6fn@ sqq8 ]d|Dogˣ~QԛAWpwZc[yթHFlQF]c7^~O0c9ǙhdTMR$3s{OPϱGCq9 / {_̈b+ G5V8jNqCAʎr^nZթAq>vQ @p6-ьl0E{i_WI\},-}$NJ1Q,f+"IK@$W.iIES,֖Ư#^[a ĝ<ѷH4*q(Z1M@=n ?BM /$p,uL@gv,X%36ƴ3ö16`ؿqk'"37}N\F~JT? C¼e NڳZ=u / ƨ!bg-#YBp?PQ)b%&a@UQԓpC>\w @TY0&?V/-:&f5)-TQxy6g]P8Np؟!|kTVצ|翳mysjA%JDN|]|,2 2 )T#`?,ઝ>m\0ЦpZ{gtI60 jAݎS8hftB p=`w1]-pLt4#oVH.H~ss N Ep v畾>\~멁kbn]O&ۂ_-'J#+IZ#a|Ev&uN'Ցm>5 !p)@SddRT#e tPёI n*XB^IYaE Ap<%aG|ҁLpcE^=3v0 enU\oaXه}j4[-5}Idit?a_('Kle7nT:G̖Ⱥ!߸+t4DE TəB|wGW ȼڴ++Y=ˈҒ@v8"8'X >ڠF'6dի%X 58tg!+bf{9!BYhK07Wָ\U?,,/raf0ܹH &f푇3kXXUm UWozd[de4L8}(V8ؼe8FggH͈`#X/lꅕ"/vn:S![Lnv]]6?֩BəI J6~)B!B`<9@x袆m[k΂̸n?CkeQ96˃C_o;y5^n0ѵΓxq\7'KM+,гs({u_0"2&UZ 0#]v\ =d HMAtz Ew^-^F"USI |:qך\?P`6vNGOR+H# DpQҪ4QSQkR{U;մڼyZHwqY_k x@ zJhM摋tPaj4τqx oňYa-a[g Xb\..mXFaqlKobʗ z\ L* >z YFT"Q.x1 2idc ۼ Եެ"բ߰5ʳa㒱vٹL8øڃ<}YHiL'l)%R<܆r7 :L_T؋cXUmΨQ3 "Ź"(pc+KiPdѝ.O8`N99frY5)d:3eq8a%;_5dPT@;Ypc^ݮS>Ag7YN>'($B2_?뎿wϾ;|1v䌓CC@y)URE6PJ.Fv[iTjI7֬61DaꤱLlC Ӳ}}{w~?7lZ(-bSxF JBʩ7xXc3|1w2VKŎzzp\(3|D\M-*ևnKL¸g+Xl=KEg` +@Xc6laD{*L8"?aw40£].0{ rX\ xN~2ܨ<1Q;ČS$ B2\`V҂t:l~) A8ަO0_b#p Sƀ*h Ub5q2LG$ЉT&QyH_bQ0'$p44T1B<V_eܦ|ɿaM,6z"OG:'E`|0($ ~E PIaHJ)=Yb"w^EԔ]YK+J>/Gi9-E6P'"ib4.6WDs J/%[i8ny.<㙉Ni;B/pSPdfYqs.aya BP</2Pmp6x.u}2  ^ƻOMA[e*VS>p:꬧FFR̶Wl6[uj 0uaiLZ%^$<* Xqʞp]vx,2Z-udW!`hjTD55@u:j nO$ ֚v֦[ d9 SLŃ_ h[WǶO?6؞ z[P\}mb}.ֹۻc택`:K[w_AoB!E{):JPB.pO4<ϡ\ؔ[x0:V2M{J?}zl:k^.T_H]^,,nž9n ̿Y?RIk$GRfX\.EаisYj bj'sA}-jTѾld\D0 C"רyq:>7vhFE|H#ΕIaM>q?"u-+/v]m 5zHIY]p˰VA h1KMpol,[b n/А¿ F`,Si.%A]a;1#N:NSa9e-5$#\Ȅ#t+}5)fᩄdZ8CH[x? yj]C| +z醬aD_ovV^Y#O)Edz`h ,QZ(^Q-%xN8ŸES{ڷե5jlj54 hoQk> p`S0=agh9@}ڭqguWmÞ~dOM70Χ[ .b6 ]a͛ rNEG>=HԾaӲix䲹(C@]ˡ<д*du#CF_Ԇ(ޥG~K7ݶvn"6G9pJ`O@gom->kJ몋mۺ¼D%m%-JbE9(18i.q͉l+6 鶺{D] H@^KlÌ0w0dY7d cH{)A ޣsK~߬b{x'nJw閴`sOxj*)u9AΙ7F,}aۏ __Sa(NnJokcb⊜!d 7] R9Rʼn^Ey5Q\} B`/;+Q&+"F8(|IAx¹*eJAu{APݻw~Vqny hן 22\_R29"\2'LR2IrtIZ'ivsT xxZ[h l`FnHW[ W, zT_o}&9rHii'R16sx U_ĵ3)+cH3%*I9E6&.qH%EjH醭'Ź,җV,;`C#o]L4$!!~Tt']@2PP+Lay_f/ K4cLCսmX Cj' #:x#sXt[{!Χ nځg_kǮL,RE=f/?ozJ ̊h''JCj1~̷) O?1e0a.c$2F},($gq!x > ˝+m/ ۴U`@~Z d4pxA qؑ_`P7fV@@ :X ap@'#ʳ϶/pZtD1 oJQ=p,kd„a>LwA'UBF x=&67fH?Ҧ4Ь1g4eЌ v``*Ûޜ k+2$v?OG21^cM؊CQ|0,bT y> ٵ妌&d4+MyY'˙o:9һTP^ؚ&g`}m;AGb:_عPhmgdD_.BPir1{)M9~|z·r1TM6qb"bqqWnodzKFrmkaZHJE-" ERKG@t$]/ |0/?hX-6=eS'~?G3ppj`UZ:A$Pj߶c%+dx #xL7dmYmZ[[V a] RuqM&8CGk\3/  .98)NOKՋ4{'ҋˑm%'5, j]v ܷ]-[r.{ItX<3ng{{?@ՔG&$ pO MţTZ=BeT <1p붻ቻ~qlIcRm۩k~fX84IwR-Ec1QQibs4S13U4RIWǨchjhMo8nhQC~8QEW]s2Pc"sA~hsOx|IFrBuֆ2J%Ki&lh7mڞ;o}P{~a r\\x3x>9 4PqS["v  n!q`p 5f5OCr6Я9rx9N$G&֛xށځ4!ឥRΚaiTq=_U{X}ҳoܹ|n&s)/"Z !1pƢ<ߝ5wR3 oG/622 )?]z:)epKJӃ^8 vŶm]a^h(K&%ْhXfؒ,YuTI$5^9V w[[`Ά'MSX;t+ c/{tŞ8EҹŲ^<X%]1X9 ^{ѥwݐ*1#`8(6E' +TZH`ܸsԞ@2\. !B@ (AuO 6+ARIqFBQ0*"(W.yU5 䈫s~flefwgTČwNL1ecX3ނՊ{%P<±tF%RT6euE]SR?S{wd+g %v!ۑNyPtB4יhzOmٜHy賦0ek`uPBSޞݑBS)FIf,dOGvszkϙ3 H -g?Zsv8*= U:'j=\W' la21YpZSH c-(I&>d=(v*ޥ'0n+3u.Fc(F!bVCX$@\FKrr3,nOHz t2+~Q+ W{t%Po@ D m<>c_# d n|Z)SΣK'.K%.F#cQg^V.,$aY=Qҝ;t)=egWY.cJyܳ[d٫^z-c,d݊7HZV<}()[qߡT̊ T! qq:}=k2[_^dQ/;D,+a[֊%Zkֺ%pf^Hxker+USS;L=nC//@`&OokAD'M-<ܩ E5}D n0}Dd(Ύg_d4^"=и zP.:S)rw9TԐԆ~!-05S ->䒔ڳʥI#)~$/Ͻߙο/]ǿ<峵7s}2:e)>5 ]xS$F8SAS'qz׈wMQ ;a}R}V ?2ɶ stÂrCK%y%M 8!KqŭE1FSQ{`u qdtk$f¨QɗXjp3ˌeL .y^g*uJ;=_ͱjnZ={2ds?ܔW'ڥKSe0jAVE^MA\eS\vp6QA&"a_P~YYU+wn'AӜ^wǶqq~w>;}ٹl_oWѷ]NCk3&k$XYU$K"օLKhm4u.kAe$TU 3SЪdPM"kԩ: Jt=D Tcko$mVw@5urcO}MX6VDU9x{k{z)iuC_ؚ}U-w?+Ɨ_Is7v,"-S(nʆ-b)  !3ICDpHp:W⥨WC,V)VtyMLewnPG@`a(JCn])] 0 2 k ^xfk\ke Fng9Z1<ĸ wpJPDz餮ϭcU*[bo$ۖ-= &UĜ|͍khn;-oSN|<K^\:zD/3dAe+BZ>MhpC,2=@K* *߬Q:*X"/. ە:*&oy]&X:i;Xx}t޳I5ZK_SZxZQ!b,7Ut*f6Cxzt- K'+(ZK5)d9GN~? WGU7_ssfC ]SW _*-L$=LHD|"Tq䁧/N &M0u+xa71%8f ա#G ^L^a.'9oF5С 4̃=G)̓Z eM9T]A5Г'31|GS -Ұ*}%E-h, 765sָQQ~gyXSS,U)^f-F 1^~U';V>50>WElкΣ҅c%\xԏrZ*EAP2%sUoкjI-K/'9n6y'&`qBs{>>_ϺРЧ*0K2wSҔ:JLOmå]ƕ 3[*8s~GIB;%t@64?dBȹCI!(8v@O#NAc"BDSN=x];D 'A&ez6ĮN%uu}PT2\T*"Ωyx{ }[|ᓇL+ho}_řG쬆1\~ges{tZ߼ټoj{.>$#'k"6(. "FH7B Yq)x\HX"p!>GU VShQR ^>°&8Ҳ0Eǔ(zcA+%>p'rz ^jbBP!MёH,9Uiǘj<={"Շ8EbO-4 EX:B dRW>,27iqͯbi?u)bNӓxjHu(I}B#Ѩ1KqE>yI ͒䥠ӺoNR1oum> `x!'`1 FKg+[8d脑Y gfhN7SHSZܓ3o78&zi8;4'z_Q0j.FYQ@M PXQ/AE(tM&llEF?A xoh:k-]:ʊ_&_Qq]* }5Z(59YS4VIM>'؝dKP؟/ƾ_aɲ|Uy]]oɟOԁEѻ\~67l7Ftc6FApb$,Ծp2){jp8.{$9bD" ^lXUdEdIeI\Us,>I& p t "Y&$~rS@߁=*'Ug4 e>tTvifk*R9CU`tOSP; `^iۮ5qNuޕStڈo=BE>,+Dy*D6zA*@܊DԔBB@5 +*h"0 S@Iv(_d>+-l -;&Clu#ijueȖw-F&%<ʼ kg@8@a^J*߹ #9s1z''K Ac,/P9#;a!s^( d2:^4wڹW_z)V HڸFax& ϧӚx$b T^Edt7V68A(Our9jgWnDҤ) ]Oz?ʕ Wxt\OY_E<U\C|FM16okv^[M;hx36L0u=hTWQ5smgA,[t?b61< b:O#=ujL.A(O$GB/ƪ: Qgt!Rpä<t(uy5 weCS|zĬ3;_7oIRtOXȫD;gÚzLtz=CT37`Qョf1\6| \*h\|1@<<_b> V2+x4ٹYi^#^u9"R{)=GϞVOGkF3;LG;jI/J/AdR4Ui*3z <\P=#x.ϔY05kr(,j7MRzGVKe/bJl/*NKGZ+)A$NZ,$ҀAIVtOEtjRF$w֔F6M@+NMD́*xjIC[aRJf֔ui(G'lAJvo^q̍*IƚһCַeZ\\ IN 9esؐ{/+{ĎmDC:b{1&g*rܸm~L2߶a8flmorWEҮl"aEn3Ƞa1d.ȈYF<\p5Lm$u`"J`pvQe9p"e4Cf5J;D"f #tTR,Igm$kX/# 2+[Ӗ"0Q 0W82],#}MNN{44ҡo_Z,>8amhZz4qjϓkrQK9Snj~>FSsⓠ" 7]i I8Gnytٹp:?dda 2o,Y(T"أkT9ʩ +[tk~;s^xtU v,z{) [$xx˛,_]F3h߂^ C[0~hob>()M(!olEY"=˝c $#Fq{Xaz c_,>D݃st^7ņs3.h6"@ۊҍ} nwamqlj?mc UtCc;_ 3u9|c-COlQxDJ9܎Y]&iw3$yT?0~ȍXOt<9r!}j[qV-/_~}{MooV]p` lƕq0:V^Ûׯ]{~ϑ=6|-bvPX0 Dׁ́ W̾Q 㐀&cIP!V!,B `%wtC^X }C? !`/[a< v\al(wކqD@BVڋ(ݹj5M͹⼯>>)|ۆ^1qgxf 6l0Gc (LJS`lj)vn I{{?TPJUoڨIZWҺ̝?"O<ϳ>;;7{]X:wW6Rw#Pvg({ʿ^PvxdB Tٺ=̢߱ƀebrv]8WRyad,+_Q` l@5*"l`SW}`˂EvG}.t Ko-t">LM oduċgL(3:R5ҝA);$+%abF,&3ÓX,Vn+7Bl s0r3aJ @q5`XE`Iƿ&E}XYbrMv `/b bjuIxq˕-6"47+ޔ+GD{SkJҊ#|PH l*s䰓|Te,[M/0i|VEt$TNk;].u\5.cl1ΪYke %^[7gMI^t/L}ɾl_g5vfۏv׸}ܡtk܆͝t2ru  k@^6X'`X24 -< Aԃ( 3_n.Xe8RRR|z> `2 `׀z5KE< WZXA :YA+EFDyb֧lZkuVlZuz5|62ײrŖhkmaRVeMXj (zM٦t .Wu@`S\EtY $,0x">!=q$|s>É_nj4㖛&/$Gs2ne5?) C:puA@?En}x8#96ց}l2K%2ԍ8),.?x^S$fW8PI~Q/GֈZQ13ď"$ӿI~Nr(OG~-zį~/ŵ*݂Y͒nZՈJ/PT'K% _D=u~gPK BXzK_OS*iUvGVѿ&hяh@@Nw-9CpI7AdLYnT=oHHV} C::b-}L=$d*~ #HwnBWT ^&H,-Md k&']LRsGN^%NK;Q엃??ǺzͿ&kX. Uu÷)lCG1#oվŷ y6fƲy11so@uk+_&:dn^N6&G(qu8^g3Ǚt:8`Q)~r{&&/R9\;XLf~ԛyǃ]ʘlF{2STN x5kBOӘCb>ԜG3/"G۲=df<(}x;T(}kJx5rqWGi$#  4)"ӰMd Nz6$leҁXe(ڄ M)%er2Ta?<9X9'֊d0PP$kHHk=ւIP ҸCtvA&Gq"i^Sk:WTdo gu=/ 5okQs%zbK&IOdF+OM6>WԣZ OlT jMǞbDŽ=-jD5mLZ]4֞txiM)l\x}Yyql+n#xl+fVo"UaV.žUtl:ixy+jfP%xpHqw;;MM3| ~KWQ}L8 [% ]Ϸ_56DiʚCPЀ**+G%d`k2ebe 6` fe8 $/c , @r2/ f]f]WLڠBGh  q4қ썹 oF]@W@ YBRmd1C6# @N (.a2A]R RmFtX\ `)"h1H[)@ֱ endstream endobj 249 0 obj <> endobj 250 0 obj [/ICCBased 251 0 R] endobj 251 0 obj <>stream HyTSwoɞc [5laQIBHADED2mtFOE.c}08׎8GNg9w߽'0 ֠Jb  2y.-;!KZ ^i"L0- @8(r;q7Ly&Qq4j|9 V)gB0iW8#8wթ8_٥ʨQQj@&A)/g>'Kt;\ ӥ$պFZUn(4T%)뫔0C&Zi8bxEB;Pӓ̹A om?W= x-[0}y)7ta>jT7@tܛ`q2ʀ&6ZLĄ?_yxg)˔zçLU*uSkSeO4?׸c. R ߁-25 S>ӣVd`rn~Y&+`;A4 A9=-tl`;~p Gp| [`L`< "A YA+Cb(R,*T2B- ꇆnQt}MA0alSx k&^>0|>_',G!"F$H:R!zFQd?r 9\A&G rQ hE]a4zBgE#H *B=0HIpp0MxJ$D1D, VĭKĻYdE"EI2EBGt4MzNr!YK ?%_&#(0J:EAiQ(()ӔWT6U@P+!~mD eԴ!hӦh/']B/ҏӿ?a0nhF!X8܌kc&5S6lIa2cKMA!E#ƒdV(kel }}Cq9 N')].uJr  wG xR^[oƜchg`>b$*~ :Eb~,m,-ݖ,Y¬*6X[ݱF=3뭷Y~dó ti zf6~`{v.Ng#{}}jc1X6fm;'_9 r:8q:˜O:ϸ8uJqnv=MmR 4 n3ܣkGݯz=[==<=GTB(/S,]6*-W:#7*e^YDY}UjAyT`#D="b{ų+ʯ:!kJ4Gmt}uC%K7YVfFY .=b?SƕƩȺy چ k5%4m7lqlioZlG+Zz͹mzy]?uuw|"űNwW&e֥ﺱ*|j5kyݭǯg^ykEklD_p߶7Dmo꿻1ml{Mś nLl<9O[$h՛BdҞ@iءG&vVǥ8nRĩ7u\ЭD-u`ֲK³8%yhYѹJº;.! zpg_XQKFAǿ=ȼ:ɹ8ʷ6˶5̵5͵6ζ7ϸ9к<Ѿ?DINU\dlvۀ܊ݖޢ)߯6DScs 2F[p(@Xr4Pm8Ww)Km endstream endobj 252 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.012 Tc -0.008 Tw 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.6 566.36 Tm [(R)1(E)2(P)3(R)1(E)2(S)3(E)2(NT)2(AT)2(I)6(ON I)6(N T)2(HE)2( C)1(L)2(AS)3(S)3(R)1(OOM)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 18.886 0 Td ( )Tj 4.894 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 22.764 0 Td (31)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 72.6 526.52 Tm (Table )Tj (5.)Tj ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0 -2.16 TD (Effects of Teacher Race/Ethnicity on Student Reading and Math Achievemen\ t, by Student)Tj 35.656 0 Td (s' Prior)Tj ( )Tj (Performance Level, All Grades)Tj ( )Tj ET q 67.32 481.16 186 15.84 re W n BT /TT2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 485.96 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 253.32 481.16 218.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 342.7047 485.96 Tm (Reading)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 472.2 481.16 17.04 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 477.7201 485.96 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 489.24 481.16 218.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 585.9547 485.96 Tm (Math)Tj 2.111 0 Td ( )Tj ET Q 67.08 497 186.241 0.96 re f 253.32 497 0.959 0.96 re f 254.28 497 217.921 0.96 re f 472.2 497 0.959 0.96 re f 473.16 497 16.08 0.96 re f 489.24 497 0.96 0.96 re f 490.2 497 217.92 0.96 re f q 67.32 449.24 186 31.44 re W n BT /TT1 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 469.64 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 253.32 449.24 72.96 31.44 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 263.5406 469.64 Tm (All Grades)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 326.28 449.24 72.96 31.44 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 335.0064 469.64 Tm (Elementary )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 345.6676 455.72 Tm (Grades)Tj ( )Tj ET q 399.24 449.24 72.96 31.44 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 404.6207 469.64 Tm (Middle/High )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 418.6276 455.72 Tm (Grades)Tj ( )Tj ET q 472.2 449.24 17.04 31.44 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 477.7201 469.64 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 489.24 449.24 72.96 31.44 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 499.4606 469.64 Tm (All Grades)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 562.2 449.24 72.96 31.44 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 571.1666 469.64 Tm (Elementary )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 581.8278 455.72 Tm (Grades)Tj ( )Tj ET q 635.16 449.24 72.96 31.44 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 640.7809 469.64 Tm (Middle/High )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 654.7877 455.72 Tm (Grades)Tj ( )Tj ET 67.08 480.68 186.241 0.48 re f 253.32 480.68 0.48 0.48 re f 253.8 480.68 72.48 0.48 re f 326.28 480.68 0.481 0.48 re f 326.76 480.68 72.48 0.48 re f 399.24 480.68 0.48 0.48 re f 399.72 480.68 72.481 0.48 re f 472.2 480.68 0.48 0.48 re f 472.68 480.68 16.56 0.48 re f 489.24 480.68 0.48 0.48 re f 489.72 480.68 72.481 0.48 re f 562.2 480.68 0.48 0.48 re f 562.68 480.68 72.48 0.48 re f 635.16 480.68 0.481 0.48 re f 635.64 480.68 72.48 0.48 re f q 67.32 417.08 186 31.44 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 437.48 Tm (Race Match)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 253.32 432.92 72.96 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 279.1998 437.48 Tm (.000)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 326.28 432.92 72.96 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 350.1617 437.48 Tm (-)Tj (.001)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 399.24 432.92 72.96 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 423.1217 437.48 Tm (-)Tj (.001)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 472.2 432.92 17.04 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 480.8199 437.48 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 489.24 432.92 72.96 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 506.1198 437.48 Tm (.005***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 562.2 432.92 72.96 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 582.3199 437.48 Tm (.005**)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 635.16 432.92 72.96 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 652.2799 437.48 Tm (.003***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q 67.08 448.76 186.241 0.481 re f 253.32 448.76 0.48 0.481 re f 253.8 448.76 72.48 0.481 re f 326.28 448.76 0.481 0.481 re f 326.76 448.76 72.48 0.481 re f 399.24 448.76 0.48 0.481 re f 399.72 448.76 72.481 0.481 re f 472.2 448.76 0.48 0.481 re f 472.68 448.76 16.56 0.481 re f 489.24 448.76 0.48 0.481 re f 489.72 448.76 72.481 0.481 re f 562.2 448.76 0.48 0.481 re f 562.68 448.76 72.48 0.481 re f 635.16 448.76 0.481 0.481 re f 635.64 448.76 72.48 0.481 re f q 253.32 417.08 72.96 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 275.2037 421.88 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 326.28 417.08 72.96 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 348.1637 421.88 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 399.24 417.08 72.96 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 421.1237 421.88 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 472.2 417.08 17.04 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 480.8199 421.88 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 489.24 417.08 72.96 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 511.1237 421.88 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 562.2 417.08 72.96 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 584.3239 421.88 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 635.16 417.08 72.96 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 657.2838 421.88 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 385.64 186 31.44 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 406.04 Tm (Race Match*Low Performer )Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 253.32 401.48 72.96 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 270.1998 406.04 Tm (.006***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 326.28 401.48 72.96 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 343.1598 406.04 Tm (.019***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 399.24 401.48 72.96 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 419.1198 406.04 Tm (.004**)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 472.2 401.48 17.04 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 480.8199 406.04 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 489.24 401.48 72.96 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 506.1198 406.04 Tm (.007***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 562.2 401.48 72.96 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 579.3199 406.04 Tm (.015***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 635.16 401.48 72.96 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 661.2799 406.04 Tm (.003)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 253.32 385.64 72.96 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 275.2037 390.44 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 326.28 385.64 72.96 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 348.1637 390.44 Tm (\(.004\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 399.24 385.64 72.96 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 421.1237 390.44 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 472.2 385.64 17.04 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 480.8199 390.44 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 489.24 385.64 72.96 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 511.1237 390.44 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 562.2 385.64 72.96 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 584.3239 390.44 Tm (\(.004\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 635.16 385.64 72.96 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 657.2838 390.44 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 369.8 186 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 374.6 Tm (R)Tj (-)Tj (Squared)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 253.32 369.8 72.96 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 282.1998 374.6 Tm (.87)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 326.28 369.8 72.96 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 355.1598 374.6 Tm (.92)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 399.24 369.8 72.96 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 428.1198 374.6 Tm (.89)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 472.2 369.8 17.04 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 480.8199 374.6 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 489.24 369.8 72.96 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 518.1198 374.6 Tm (.89)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 562.2 369.8 72.96 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 591.3199 374.6 Tm (.93)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 635.16 369.8 72.96 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 664.2799 374.6 Tm (.90)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 354.2 186 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 358.76 Tm (Observations)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 253.32 354.2 72.96 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 265.6998 358.76 Tm (5,106,697)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 326.28 354.2 72.96 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 338.6598 358.76 Tm (1,443,623)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 399.24 354.2 72.96 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 411.6198 358.76 Tm (3,663,074)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 472.2 354.2 17.04 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 479.3199 358.76 Tm ( )Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 489.24 354.2 72.96 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 501.6198 358.76 Tm (5,177,527)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 562.2 354.2 72.96 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 574.8199 358.76 Tm (1,410,310)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 635.16 354.2 72.96 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 647.7799 358.76 Tm (3,767,217)Tj ( )Tj ET Q 66.36 353.24 186.961 0.96 re f 252.6 353.24 0.959 0.96 re f 253.56 353.24 72.72 0.96 re f 325.56 353.24 0.96 0.96 re f 326.52 353.24 72.72 0.96 re f 398.52 353.24 0.96 0.96 re f 399.48 353.24 72.72 0.96 re f 471.48 353.24 0.959 0.96 re f 472.44 353.24 16.8 0.96 re f 488.52 353.24 0.96 0.96 re f 489.48 353.24 72.72 0.96 re f 561.48 353.24 0.959 0.96 re f 562.44 353.24 72.72 0.96 re f 634.44 353.24 0.96 0.96 re f 635.4 353.24 72.72 0.96 re f BT /TT0 1 Tf 0.004 Tc -0.004 Tw 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.6 343.88 Tm [(N)-8(o)-4(te)-3(: )]TJ 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw 2.512 0 Td [(T)-3(h)-1(i)3(s t)3(ab)-1(l)3(e p)-1(r)1(esen)-1(t)2(s t)2(h)-1(e r)1(esu)-1(l)2(t)2(s o)-1(f)1( si)2(x)-1( sep)-1(ar)1(at)2(e r)1(eg)-1(r)1(essi)2(o)-1(n)-1(s.)3( )]TJ 23.481 0 Td [(T)-3(h)-1(e d)-1(ep)-1(en)-1(d)-1(en)-1(t)3( v)-1(ar)1(i)3(ab)-1(l)3(e i)2(s t)2(h)-1(e st)2(u)-1(d)-1(en)-1(t)2(')3(s st)2(an)-1(d)-1(ar)1(d)-1(i)2(zed)-1( sco)-1(r)1(e o)-1(n)-1( t)3(h)-1(e F)-2(C)-4(A)-5(T)-3( r)1(ead)-1(i)3(n)-1(g)-1( o)-1(r)1( m)-6(at)3(h)-1( t)3(est)3(.)3( )]TJ -25.993 -1.366 Td [(L)-3(o)-1(w)-5( p)-1(er)1(f)1(o)-1(r)1(m)-6(i)3(n)-1(g)-1( st)3(u)-1(d)-1(en)-1(t)2(s ar)1(e i)2(d)-1(en)-1(t)3(i)2(f)1(i)3(ed)-1( as st)2(u)-1(d)-1(en)-1(t)2(s w)-5(h)-1(o)-1( w)-5(er)1(e i)3(n)-1( t)3(h)-1(e b)-1(o)-1(t)3(t)3(o)-1(m)-6( t)2(er)1(t)2(i)3(l)3(e o)-1(f)1( p)-1(er)1(f)1(o)-1(r)1(m)-6(an)-1(ce i)3(n)-1( t)2(h)-1(ei)2(r)1( g)-1(r)1(ad)-1(e acr)1(o)-1(ss t)2(h)-1(e en)]TJ 0.005 Tc -0.001 Tw 50.799 0 Td [(t)1(i)1(re)-2( s)-1(t)1(a)-2(t)1(e)-2( i)1(n)-3( t)1(h)-3(e)-2( p)-3(re)-2(v)-3(i)1(o)-3(u)-3(s)-1( y)-3(e)-2(a)-2(r.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 12.021 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw -62.82 -1.341 Td [(M)-7(ode)1(l)]TJ -0.003 Tw 2.653 0 Td [(s)2( )1(i)4(nc)1(l)4(u)-1(de )1(c)1(ont)4(r)3(ol)4(s)2( )1(f)3(or)3( )1(ye)1(a)1(r)3(,)4( )1(g)-1(r)3(a)1(d)-1(e)1(,)4( )1(t)4(e)1(a)1(c)1(he)1(r)3( )1(ge)1(nde)1(r)3(,)4( )1(t)4(e)1(a)1(c)1(h)-1(e)1(r)3( )1(r)3(a)1(c)1(e)1(,)4( )1(t)4(e)1(a)1(c)1(he)1(r)3( )1(e)1(xpe)1(r)3(i)4(e)1(n)-1(c)1(e)1(,)4( )1(t)4(e)1(a)1(c)1(he)1(r)3( )1(e)1(xpe)1(r)3(i)4(e)1(nce)1( s)2(qua)1(r)3(e)1(d,)4( )1(t)4(e)1(a)1(c)1(he)1(r)3( )1(qua)]TJ 0.005 Tc -0.001 Tw 49.992 0 Td [(l)1(i)1(t)1(y)-3( \()]TJ -0.005 Tw [(i)1(e)-2(.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 2.935 0 Td ( )Tj 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw 0.254 0 Td [(a t)3(each)-1(er)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 3.638 0 Td (-)Tj 0.005 Tc -0.005 Tw 0.338 0 Td [(s)-1(p)-3(e)-2(c)-2(i)1(fi)1(c)-2(,)1( )]TJ 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw -59.811 -1.341 Td [(av)-1(er)2(ag)-1(e v)-1(al)3(u)-1(e)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.614 0 Td (-)Tj 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw 0.338 0 Td [(a)1(dde)1(d s)2(c)1(or)3(e)1(\))3(,)4( s)2(c)1(hool)4( l)4(e)1(ve)1(l)4( r)3(a)1(c)1(e)1(,)4( s)2(c)1(hool)4( l)4(e)1(ve)1(l)4( pove)1(r)3(t)4(y,)4( a)1(ve)1(r)3(a)1(ge)1( s)2(c)1(hool)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 27.823 0 Td (-)Tj 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw 0.338 0 Td [(l)3(ev)-1(el)3( ach)-1(i)3(ev)-1(em)-5(en)-1(t)]TJ 0.004 Tc -0.004 Tw 7.364 0 Td (, )Tj 0.008 Tc 0.508 0 Td [(a)1( dum)-4(m)-4(y va)1(r)3(i)4(a)1(bl)4(e)1( i)4(ndi)4(c)1(a)1(t)4(i)4(ng l)4(ow)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 13.434 0 Td (-)Tj 0.007 Tc -0.007 Tw 0.338 0 Td [(p)-1(er)2(f)1(o)-1(r)2(m)-5(an)-1(ce )]TJ 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw 5.389 0 Td [(a)1(nd s)2(t)4(ude)1(nt)4( )]TJ 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw -61.146 -1.341 Td [(f)1(i)3(x)-1(ed)-1( ef)1(f)1(ect)3(s.)3( F)-2(L)-3(D)-5(O)-5(E)-3( i)3(n)-1(cl)3(u)-1(d)-1(es P)-2(aci)3(f)1(i)3(c I)2(sl)3(an)-1(d)-1(er)2(s i)3(n)-1( t)3(h)-1(e A)-5(si)3(an)-1( cat)3(eg)-1(o)-1(r)2(y)-1(.)3( S)-2(t)3(an)-1(d)-1(ar)2(d)-1( er)2(r)2(o)-1(r)2(s cl)3(u)-1(st)3(er)2(ed)-1( b)-1(y)-1( cl)3(assr)2(o)-1(o)-1(m)-6( i)3(n)-1( p)-1(ar)2(en)-1(t)3(h)-1(eses.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 50.996 0 Td ( )Tj 0.254 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw 0.254 0 Td [(** p <)-1( 0.)4(05,)4( *** p<)-1(0.)4(01)]TJ 0.004 Tc 0 Tw [(, \()-1(tw)-8(o)]TJ 0 Tc 12.155 0 Td (-)Tj 0.005 Tc -0.001 Tw -63.66 -1.317 Td [(t)1(a)-2(i)1(l)1(e)-2(d)-3( t)1(e)-2(s)-1(t)1(s)-1(\))]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj ET endstream endobj 253 0 obj <> endobj 254 0 obj <>stream H\U XTϹ `0bTPf܊1(bEE$F$nF|ViJ5Qk (1,XzHkww}?+,xn6|g1kinzy8EveC?~HBs a-J,B|乖$/BW6~/ZRƯW?}eC ρ,DG%+XC`^u]-XY{yYu;m =YL׈A!NnPB`@π 584܁|#bͯЉ#oS*ĺZؑa&zFZL^nQ7p yjހ>B[ќ-(V{T&z"Q0jɢb_0T|Û(tEpzwq#1cP5Ҏ{C槈#^nG%vrJ21JΞ#'o\=֚9@db! N|IZ.|^bh:z[0p8H IG  u4FˤZը1z s#+/kp_",m]%tI RꚶKkz~i baxK: ! M>X06&Ftx$qXZx)ڠjDmvA[_뻬.wR0b>i1(9NtK/J:l% ] %"^tJq/m#iPR=]tupoqϣ8BoGܤr:hKd?FO]zKaM{nqop6CQten6W0/w<5r$`Hx8<B KVH_Bk$(8N n;ܕ=u㡞h%yO%Rz^[E5TK%sL؏rO8rzʸW[pTRSO5 -z}T߮,q Kba Y߶~b5"p%KxQ%Q TUm-Z-0vKuWq⨉Jy{S[.CEA\ʶ&=M8j*-x~VW vZX82 Zx&_`-P-5]n$ںϓ6ħsm@ ~CϳEĿ*\PMC-L_ lPlP98 [|(dwp7BEp2mP$_HU4UT'0f` (ѤK%X.r-np1[pG$S27yJ'JdH MSeBh}Qa:s:IKԗԟ{keFjUM@:_JP<%c-ߥ|"c$ʇ Ƚ<ʩ4s/wkkV4wlv~2O*Ux0͐N_-]q2Yj<"P m*)VF#e9'*̩ZF.DFUYZwEf:r+K;q3 #G 6bxtTd}"BClԣ{`@7]:ww;/E,ehcYM.cز$D.؜AY64̙uIP^eg) <pfxuvnwx`0+HtL2(i}h7#$ÒdX=fls[[u?̊ɶg5FH0坓_~k*sεee/ی&?5?W}l ˝673?s㜐cc ܑ>ۘ@c 6Ms&RHM$LM#hz^lc*ZTgSRZ7sƉ޼7c4 }@,)n[a|+ >JzR}^X&+1؏q lr#<ΈW ±o_fxͷӫ99+,Ծ.ل$ܹn[N3S`yz=I W⽵OCa@#vd#.1wD~ 6r\'Uelr˻ˇ6F ,ZWk|Wꁆ5)n{POCF?j#):$9ɜ<oy8錨T0VY(DH':zmֹ2x…-cO`'\!lcy e)\251 v$܂2Qq {z3l=Gyd8Cgĉs,Lnwye(nNӜr_SG_P6A^WE@EOm:p߭ 8T^!̯G<@!X^H.T?%P3:7mwB_Q4{ݻwb=s%g"W)>*sj $@ :tHNH3Pa V=]|E4C2+)4+Tצ[Y D _U^-]x[!0ʞ 6:^t51=@r"-.Blj#W%XJH+ 4=OgHTi5:{T$ǒ'%r24o9eʦY3$9Sץ[])%oI9iZۤ.i@Qӆ뒜6%T6IjtK;`v l B x5FcGnI7a-n%@ Hd)$*ZFÏ t)٪јMpq$pRx7xCkH(qK}G>>>mZ}S>}G|E)7Wvӭ֭>&HƂaVVh6=lq ZzfQ1af $Ȅ rFߡQ\ m?-K^#MqлQ@qE,pz+`F`yL/63LI< _be_BjC=s,$?eP^1?ezL߆!>x<\Zznxsws»X z҅ƠA~A gסhe5L5aEo,x=e%Zge$02= C>Z%bc (ο70[1 M? ׋GtoaA`1'xslZo' 0Y Hje-ft"8rq?qi7='U6~p`j??^u^& #kH_l" `a>O{4hۂ| PFKB:*@7ңm>U36I>Ґb#6kwr5-h6+>ձ(ڔu򴲵)2jzkjA½Gn=n "GK|4 DqEK 6ն("b9iM]:nل$k7#Hd7q7 ]{p 4|>Y;Zҥ_j OxGa3^ײLڈBapgE48ZJ(7R+@B `/-ؚ/M+^y%>S.bNUY/jqo;U N=ݕmQ 3htyܕ{Ӡ}vUMREU<@L͆D*Q$!rDD 0$} endstream endobj 255 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 256 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 257 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 258 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 259 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.012 Tc -0.008 Tw 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.6 566.36 Tm [(R)1(E)2(P)3(R)1(E)2(S)3(E)2(NT)2(AT)2(I)6(ON I)6(N T)2(HE)2( C)1(L)2(AS)3(S)3(R)1(OOM)-3( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 19.648 0 Td ( )Tj 4.132 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 22.764 0 Td (30)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj ET q 67.32 514.52 405.84 24 re W n BT /TT1 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 527.48 Tm (Student and Course Fixed Effects, Controlling for Teacher Quality)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 514.52 62.88 24 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 478.4401 527.48 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 514.52 13.68 24 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 527.48 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 514.52 67.44 24 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 554.9998 527.48 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 514.52 76.56 24 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 622.4401 527.48 Tm ( )Tj ET Q 67.08 538.52 406.08 0.959 re f 473.16 538.52 0.96 0.959 re f 474.12 538.52 61.92 0.959 re f 536.04 538.52 0.96 0.959 re f 537 538.52 12.72 0.959 re f 549.72 538.52 0.96 0.959 re f 550.68 538.52 66.479 0.959 re f 617.16 538.52 0.96 0.959 re f 618.12 538.52 75.6 0.959 re f q 67.32 483.08 190.56 31.44 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 503.48 Tm (White Teacher/ White Student)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 257.88 498.68 59.04 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 267.975 503.48 Tm (.005***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 316.92 498.68 58.8 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 326.775 503.48 Tm (.007***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 375.72 498.68 12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 381.2398 503.48 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 387.72 498.68 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 419.8497 503.48 Tm (.005)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 498.68 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 488.0399 503.48 Tm (.007**)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 498.68 13.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 503.48 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 498.68 67.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 572.8497 503.48 Tm (.002)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 498.68 76.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 642.7919 503.48 Tm (-)Tj (.001)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 257.88 483.08 59.04 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 272.9789 487.64 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 316.92 483.08 58.8 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 331.7789 487.64 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 375.72 483.08 12 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 381.2398 487.64 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 387.72 483.08 85.44 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 415.8536 487.64 Tm (\(.003\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 483.08 62.88 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 490.0438 487.64 Tm (\(.003\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 483.08 13.68 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 487.64 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 483.08 67.44 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 568.8536 487.64 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 483.08 76.56 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 640.7938 487.64 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 451.4 190.56 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 472.04 Tm (Black Teacher/ Black Student)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 257.88 467.24 59.04 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 267.975 472.04 Tm (.004***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 316.92 467.24 58.8 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 326.775 472.04 Tm (.019***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 375.72 467.24 12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 381.2398 472.04 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 387.72 467.24 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 410.8497 472.04 Tm (.012***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 467.24 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 485.0399 472.04 Tm (.030***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 467.24 13.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 472.04 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 467.24 67.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 572.8497 472.04 Tm (.001)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 467.24 76.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 635.7899 472.04 Tm (.012***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 257.88 451.4 59.04 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 272.9789 456.2 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 316.92 451.4 58.8 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 331.7789 456.2 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 375.72 451.4 12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 381.2398 456.2 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 387.72 451.4 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 415.8536 456.2 Tm (\(.003\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 451.4 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 490.0438 456.2 Tm (\(.004\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 451.4 13.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 456.2 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 451.4 67.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 568.8536 456.2 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 451.4 76.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 640.7938 456.2 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 419.96 190.56 31.44 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 440.36 Tm (Hispanic Teacher/ Hispanic Student)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 257.88 435.8 59.04 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 265.9769 440.36 Tm (-)Tj (.009***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 316.92 435.8 58.8 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 324.777 440.36 Tm (-)Tj (.007***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 375.72 435.8 12 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 381.2398 440.36 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 387.72 435.8 85.44 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 411.8517 440.36 Tm (-)Tj (.009**)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 435.8 62.88 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 492.0419 440.36 Tm (-)Tj (.001)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 435.8 13.68 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 440.36 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 435.8 67.44 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 570.8517 440.36 Tm (-)Tj (.005)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 435.8 76.56 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 633.7919 440.36 Tm (-)Tj (.007***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 257.88 419.96 59.04 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 272.9789 424.76 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 316.92 419.96 58.8 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 331.7789 424.76 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 375.72 419.96 12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 381.2398 424.76 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 387.72 419.96 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 415.8536 424.76 Tm (\(.004\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 419.96 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 490.0438 424.76 Tm (\(.004\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 419.96 13.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 424.76 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 419.96 67.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 568.8536 424.76 Tm (\(.003\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 419.96 76.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 640.7938 424.76 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 388.52 190.56 31.44 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 408.92 Tm (Asian Teacher/ Asian Student)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 257.88 404.12 59.04 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 274.9769 408.92 Tm (-)Tj (.006)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 316.92 404.12 58.8 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 326.775 408.92 Tm (.039***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 375.72 404.12 12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 381.2398 408.92 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 387.72 404.12 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 417.8517 408.92 Tm (-)Tj (.002)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 404.12 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 492.0419 408.92 Tm (-)Tj (.045)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 404.12 13.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 408.92 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 404.12 67.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 572.8497 408.92 Tm (.000)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 404.12 76.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 635.7899 408.92 Tm (.051***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 257.88 388.52 59.04 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 272.9789 393.08 Tm (\(.015\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 316.92 388.52 58.8 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 331.7789 393.08 Tm (\(.010\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 375.72 388.52 12 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 381.2398 393.08 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 387.72 388.52 85.44 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 415.8536 393.08 Tm (\(.031\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 388.52 62.88 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 490.0438 393.08 Tm (\(.029\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 388.52 13.68 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 393.08 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 388.52 67.44 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 568.8536 393.08 Tm (\(.018\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 388.52 76.56 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 640.7938 393.08 Tm (\(.011\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 372.68 190.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 377.48 Tm (R)Tj (-)Tj (squared)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 257.88 372.68 59.04 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 279.975 377.48 Tm (.85)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 316.92 372.68 58.8 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 338.775 377.48 Tm (.87)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 375.72 372.68 12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 381.2398 377.48 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 387.72 372.68 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 422.8497 377.48 Tm (.89)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 372.68 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 497.0399 377.48 Tm (.91)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 372.68 13.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 377.48 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 372.68 67.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 575.8497 377.48 Tm (.88)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 372.68 76.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 647.7899 377.48 Tm (.90)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 357.08 190.56 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 361.64 Tm (Observations)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 257.88 357.08 59.04 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 263.475 361.64 Tm (8,226,338)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 316.92 357.08 58.8 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 322.275 361.64 Tm (8,379,356)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 375.72 357.08 12 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 381.2398 361.64 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 387.72 357.08 85.44 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 406.3497 361.64 Tm (2,889,193)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 357.08 62.88 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 480.5399 361.64 Tm (2,837,907)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 357.08 13.68 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 361.64 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 357.08 67.44 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 559.3497 361.64 Tm (5,337,145)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 357.08 76.56 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 626.7899 361.64 Tm (5541449.00)Tj ( )Tj ET Q 66.36 355.88 191.52 0.96 re f 257.16 355.88 0.96 0.96 re f 258.12 355.88 58.8 0.96 re f 316.2 355.88 0.96 0.96 re f 317.16 355.88 58.56 0.96 re f 375 355.88 0.959 0.96 re f 375.96 355.88 11.76 0.96 re f 387 355.88 0.96 0.96 re f 387.96 355.88 85.199 0.96 re f 472.44 355.88 0.96 0.96 re f 473.4 355.88 62.64 0.96 re f 535.32 355.88 0.96 0.96 re f 536.28 355.88 13.44 0.96 re f 549 355.88 0.96 0.96 re f 549.96 355.88 67.199 0.96 re f 616.44 355.88 0.96 0.96 re f 617.4 355.88 76.32 0.96 re f BT /TT0 1 Tf 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.6 346.52 Tm [(N)-5(o)-1(t)3(e:)3( T)-3(h)-1(i)3(s t)3(ab)-1(l)3(e p)-1(r)1(esen)-1(t)3(s t)3(h)-1(e r)1(esu)-1(l)3(t)2(s o)-1(f)1( t)2(w)-5(o)-1( sep)-1(ar)1(at)2(e r)1(eg)-1(r)1(essi)3(o)-1(n)-1(s.)3( T)-3(h)-1(e )]TJ 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw 28.165 0 Td [(de)1(pe)1(nde)1(nt)4( va)1(r)3(i)4(a)1(bl)4(e)1( i)4(s)2( t)4(he)1( s)2(t)4(ude)1(nt)4(')5(s)2( s)2(t)4(a)1(nda)1(r)3(di)4(z)1(e)1(d s)2(c)1(or)3(e)1( on t)4(he)1( F)-1(C)-3(A)-4(T)-2( r)3(e)1(a)1(di)4(ng or)3( m)-4(a)1(t)4(h t)4(e)1(s)2(t)4(.)4( )]TJ 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw -28.165 -1.341 Td [(M)-8(o)-1(d)-1(el)2(s i)2(n)-1(cl)2(u)-1(d)-1(e co)-1(n)-1(t)2(r)2(o)-1(l)2(s f)1(o)-1(r)1( y)-1(ear)1(,)3( g)-1(r)1(ad)-1(e,)3( t)2(ea)1(cher)1( g)-1(en)-1(d)-1(er)1(,)3( t)2(each)-1(er)1( r)1(a)1(ce,)3( t)2(each)-1(er)1( ex)-1(p)-1(er)1(i)2(en)-1(ce,)3( t)2(eac)1(h)-1(er)1( ex)-1(p)-1(er)1(i)2(en)-1(ce sq)-1(u)-1(ar)1(ed,)3( t)2(e)1(ach)-1(e)]TJ 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw 50.586 0 Td [(r)3( r)3(a)1(c)1(e)1(,)4( s)2(c)1(hool)4( l)4(e)1(ve)1(l)4( r)3(a)1(c)1(e)1(,)4( s)2(c)1(hool)4( l)4(e)1(ve)1(l)4( )]TJ -0.008 Tw -50.586 -1.341 Td (po)Tj 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw [(v)-1(er)2(t)3(y)-1(,)3( av)-1(er)2(a)]TJ 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw 5.812 0 Td [(ge)1( s)2(c)1(hool)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 3.867 0 Td (-)Tj 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw 0.338 0 Td [(l)3(ev)-1(el)3( ach)-1(i)3(ev)-1(em)-5(en)-1(t)3(,)3( co)-1(u)-1(r)2(s)1(e f)1(i)3(x)-1(ed)-1( ef)1(f)1(ect)3(s)1(,)3( an)-1(d)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 17.805 0 Td ( )Tj 0.009 Tc -0.004 Tw 0.254 0 Td [(s)3(t)5(u)1(d)1(e)2(n)1(t)5( )1(f)4(i)5(x)1(e)2(d)1( )1(e)2(f)4(f)4(e)2(c)2(t)5(s)3(.)5( )1(FLD)-2(O)-2(E )1(i)5(n)1(c)2(l)5(u)1(d)1(e)2(s)3( )1(Pa)2(c)2(i)5(f)4(i)5(c)2( )1(I)4(s)3(l)5(a)2(n)1(d)1(e)2(r)4(s)3( )1(i)5(n)1( )1(t)5(h)1(e)2( )1(A)-2(s)3(i)5(a)2(n)1( )1(c)2(a)2(t)5(e)2(g)1(or)4(y)1(.)5( )1(I)4(n)1( )1(m)-3(o)1(d)1(e)2(l)5(s)3( )]TJ 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw -28.077 -1.341 Td [(t)3(h)-1(at)3( i)3(n)-1(cl)3(u)-1(d)-1(e t)3(each)-1(er)2( q)-1(u)-1(al)3(i)3(t)3(y)-1(,)3( i)3(t)3( i)3(s)1( m)-5(eas)1(u)-1(r)2(ed)-1( as)1( t)3(h)-1(at)3( t)3(each)-1(er)2(')4(s)1( av)-1(er)2(ag)-1(e v)-1(al)3(u)-1(e)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 29.698 0 Td (-)Tj 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw 0.338 0 Td [(a)1(dde)1(d s)2(c)1(or)3(e)1(.)4( S)-1(t)4(a)1(nda)1(r)3(d e)]TJ [(r)3(r)3(or)3(s)2( c)1(l)4(us)2(t)4(e)1(r)3(e)1(d by c)1(l)4(a)1(s)2(s)2(r)3(oom)-4( i)4(n pa)1(r)3(e)1(nt)4(he)1(s)2(e)1(s)2(.)4( ** p <)-1( 0.)4(05,)4( *** )]TJ -30.037 -1.317 Td [(p<)-1(0.)4(01,)4( \()3(t)4(w)-4(o)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.231 0 Td (-)Tj 0.005 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.338 0 Td [(t)1(a)-2(i)1(l)1(e)-2(d)-3( t)1(e)-2(s)-1(t)1(s)-1(\))]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw -5.569 -2.366 Td ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 72.6 247.4 Tm ( )Tj ET endstream endobj 260 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.012 Tc -0.008 Tw 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.6 566.36 Tm [(R)1(E)2(P)3(R)1(E)2(S)3(E)2(NT)2(AT)2(I)6(ON I)6(N T)2(HE)2( C)1(L)2(AS)3(S)3(R)1(OOM)-3( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 19.648 0 Td ( )Tj 4.132 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 22.764 0 Td (29)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 72.6 528.6801 Tm (Table 4)Tj (.)Tj ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0 -2.18 TD (Effects of Teacher )Tj (Race/Ethnicity)Tj ( )Tj (Matching)Tj ( )Tj (on Student Math & Reading Achievement, by Race)Tj 38.016 0 Td ( )Tj ET q 67.32 466.76 194.4 30 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 485.72 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 261.72 466.76 134.88 30 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 304.1124 485.72 Tm (Aggregate)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 295.6134 471.8 Tm (\(Grades 3)Tj (-)Tj (10\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 396.6 466.76 13.44 30 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.88 485.72 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 410.04 466.76 126 30 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 445.5065 485.72 Tm (Elementary)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 442.6735 471.8 Tm (\(Grades 3)Tj (-)Tj (5\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 536.04 466.76 13.68 30 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 485.72 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 466.76 144 30 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 590.6007 485.72 Tm (Middle/High )Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 588.1134 471.8 Tm (\(Grades 6)Tj (-)Tj (10\))Tj ( )Tj ET 67.08 496.76 194.64 0.959 re f 261.72 496.76 0.96 0.959 re f 262.68 496.76 133.92 0.959 re f 396.6 496.76 0.959 0.959 re f 397.56 496.76 12.48 0.959 re f 410.04 496.76 0.96 0.959 re f 411 496.76 125.04 0.959 re f 536.04 496.76 0.96 0.959 re f 537 496.76 12.72 0.959 re f 549.72 496.76 0.96 0.959 re f 550.68 496.76 143.04 0.959 re f q 67.32 449.96 194.4 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 454.76 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 261.72 449.96 72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 277.6046 454.76 Tm (Reading)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 449.96 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 352.4347 454.76 Tm (Math)Tj 2.111 0 Td ( )Tj ET Q q 396.6 449.96 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.88 454.76 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 410.04 449.96 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 421.6647 454.76 Tm (Reading)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 449.96 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 491.8749 454.76 Tm (Math)Tj 2.111 0 Td ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 449.96 13.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 454.76 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 449.96 67.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 563.3546 454.76 Tm (Reading)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 449.96 76.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 642.6249 454.76 Tm (Math)Tj 2.111 0 Td ( )Tj ET Q 67.08 465.8 194.64 0.959 re f 261.72 465.8 0.96 0.959 re f 262.68 465.8 71.04 0.959 re f 333.72 465.8 0.96 0.959 re f 334.68 465.8 61.92 0.959 re f 396.6 465.8 0.959 0.959 re f 397.56 465.8 12.48 0.959 re f 410.04 465.8 0.96 0.959 re f 411 465.8 62.159 0.959 re f 473.16 465.8 0.96 0.959 re f 474.12 465.8 61.92 0.959 re f 536.04 465.8 0.96 0.959 re f 537 465.8 12.72 0.959 re f 549.72 465.8 0.96 0.959 re f 550.68 465.8 66.479 0.959 re f 617.16 465.8 0.96 0.959 re f 618.12 465.8 75.6 0.959 re f q 67.32 431.48 194.4 18.48 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 438.92 Tm ( )Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 261.72 431.48 72 18.48 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 290.6036 438.92 Tm (\(1\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 431.48 62.88 18.48 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 358.1036 438.92 Tm (\(2\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 396.6 431.48 13.44 18.48 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.88 438.92 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 410.04 431.48 63.12 18.48 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 434.6637 438.92 Tm (\(3\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 431.48 62.88 18.48 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 497.5438 438.92 Tm (\(4\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 431.48 13.68 18.48 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 438.92 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 431.48 67.44 18.48 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 576.3536 438.92 Tm (\(5\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 431.48 76.56 18.48 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 648.2938 438.92 Tm (\(6\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 415.4 194.4 15.6 re W n BT /TT1 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 419.96 Tm (Student Fixed Effects)Tj 8.497 0 Td ( )Tj ET Q q 261.72 415.4 72 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 297.5997 419.96 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 415.4 62.88 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 365.0997 419.96 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 396.6 415.4 13.44 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.88 419.96 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 410.04 415.4 63.12 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 441.6598 419.96 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 415.4 62.88 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 504.5399 419.96 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 415.4 13.68 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 419.96 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 415.4 67.44 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 583.3497 419.96 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 415.4 76.56 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 655.2899 419.96 Tm ( )Tj ET Q 67.08 431 194.64 0.48 re f 261.72 431 0.48 0.48 re f 262.2 431 71.52 0.48 re f 333.72 431 0.48 0.48 re f 334.2 431 62.401 0.48 re f 396.6 431 0.48 0.48 re f 397.08 431 12.96 0.48 re f 410.04 431 0.48 0.48 re f 410.52 431 62.64 0.48 re f 473.16 431 0.481 0.48 re f 473.64 431 62.4 0.48 re f 536.04 431 0.48 0.48 re f 536.52 431 13.2 0.48 re f 549.72 431 0.48 0.48 re f 550.2 431 66.96 0.48 re f 617.16 431 0.481 0.48 re f 617.64 431 76.08 0.48 re f q 67.32 383.72 194.4 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 404.36 Tm (White Teacher/ White Student)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 261.72 399.56 72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 278.0997 404.36 Tm (.005***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 399.56 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 345.5997 404.36 Tm (.008***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 396.6 399.56 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.88 404.36 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 410.04 399.56 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 431.1598 404.36 Tm (.003)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 399.56 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 488.0399 404.36 Tm (.007**)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 399.56 13.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 404.36 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 399.56 67.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 572.8497 404.36 Tm (.001)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 399.56 76.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 642.7919 404.36 Tm (-)Tj (.001)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 261.72 383.72 72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 283.1036 388.52 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 383.72 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 350.6036 388.52 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 396.6 383.72 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.88 388.52 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 410.04 383.72 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 427.1637 388.52 Tm (\(.003\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 383.72 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 490.0438 388.52 Tm (\(.003\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 383.72 13.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 388.52 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 383.72 67.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 568.8536 388.52 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 383.72 76.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 640.7938 388.52 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 352.28 194.4 31.44 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 372.68 Tm (Black Teacher/ Black Student)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 261.72 368.12 72 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 278.0997 372.68 Tm (.005***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 368.12 62.88 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 345.5997 372.68 Tm (.018***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 396.6 368.12 13.44 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.88 372.68 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 410.04 368.12 63.12 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 422.1598 372.68 Tm (.013***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 368.12 62.88 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 485.0399 372.68 Tm (.029***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 368.12 13.68 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 372.68 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 368.12 67.44 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 572.8497 372.68 Tm (.003)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 368.12 76.56 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 635.7899 372.68 Tm (.011***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 261.72 352.28 72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 283.1036 357.08 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 352.28 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 350.6036 357.08 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 396.6 352.28 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.88 357.08 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 410.04 352.28 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 427.1637 357.08 Tm (\(.003\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 352.28 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 490.0438 357.08 Tm (\(.004\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 352.28 13.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 357.08 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 352.28 67.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 568.8536 357.08 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 352.28 76.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 640.7938 357.08 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 320.84 194.4 31.44 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 341.24 Tm (Hispanic )Tj (Teacher/ Hispanic Student)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 261.72 336.44 72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 276.1017 341.24 Tm (-)Tj (.010***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 336.44 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 343.6017 341.24 Tm (-)Tj (.008***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 396.6 336.44 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.88 341.24 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 410.04 336.44 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 431.1598 341.24 Tm (.079)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 336.44 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 494.0399 341.24 Tm (.003)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 336.44 13.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 341.24 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 336.44 67.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 561.8517 341.24 Tm (-)Tj (.013***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 336.44 76.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 633.7919 341.24 Tm (-)Tj (.009***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 261.72 320.84 72 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 283.1036 325.4 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 320.84 62.88 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 350.6036 325.4 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 396.6 320.84 13.44 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.88 325.4 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 410.04 320.84 63.12 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 427.1637 325.4 Tm (\(.004\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 320.84 62.88 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 490.0438 325.4 Tm (\(.004\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 320.84 13.68 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 325.4 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 320.84 67.44 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 568.8536 325.4 Tm (\(.003\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 320.84 76.56 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 640.7938 325.4 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 289.4 194.4 31.44 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 309.8 Tm (Asian Teacher/ Asian Student)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 261.72 305 72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 285.1017 309.8 Tm (-)Tj (.008)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 305 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 345.5997 309.8 Tm (.042***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 396.6 305 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.88 309.8 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 410.04 305 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 431.1598 309.8 Tm (.000)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 305 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 492.0419 309.8 Tm (-)Tj (.052)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 305 13.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 309.8 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 305 67.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 570.8517 309.8 Tm (-)Tj (.007)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 305 76.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 635.7899 309.8 Tm (.055***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 261.72 289.4 72 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 283.1036 293.96 Tm (\(.000\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 289.4 62.88 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 350.6036 293.96 Tm (\(.010\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 396.6 289.4 13.44 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.88 293.96 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 410.04 289.4 63.12 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 427.1637 293.96 Tm (\(.004\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 289.4 62.88 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 490.0438 293.96 Tm (\(.027\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 289.4 13.68 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 293.96 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 289.4 67.44 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 568.8536 293.96 Tm (\(.018\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 289.4 76.56 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 640.7938 293.96 Tm (\(.011\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 273.56 194.4 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 278.36 Tm (R)Tj (-)Tj (squared)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 261.72 273.56 72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 290.0997 278.36 Tm (.85)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 273.56 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 357.5997 278.36 Tm (.87)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 396.6 273.56 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.88 278.36 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 410.04 273.56 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 434.1598 278.36 Tm (.89)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 273.56 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 497.0399 278.36 Tm (.90)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 273.56 13.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 278.36 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 273.56 67.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 575.8497 278.36 Tm (.88)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 273.56 76.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 647.7899 278.36 Tm (.90)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 257.72 194.4 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 262.52 Tm (Observations)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 261.72 257.72 72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 273.5997 262.52 Tm (8,598,592)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 333.72 257.72 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 341.0997 262.52 Tm (8,729,364)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 396.6 257.72 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.88 262.52 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 410.04 257.72 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 417.6598 262.52 Tm (3,142,898)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 257.72 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 480.5399 262.52 Tm (3,090,124)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 257.72 13.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 262.52 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 257.72 67.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 559.3497 262.52 Tm (5,455,694)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 257.72 76.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 631.2899 262.52 Tm (5,639,240)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 237.56 329.28 20.16 re W n BT /TT1 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 246.68 Tm (Student Fixed Effects, Controlling for Teacher Quality)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 396.6 237.56 13.44 20.16 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.88 246.68 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 410.04 237.56 63.12 20.16 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 441.6598 246.68 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 237.56 62.88 20.16 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 504.5399 246.68 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 237.56 13.68 20.16 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 246.68 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 237.56 67.44 20.16 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 583.3497 246.68 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 237.56 76.56 20.16 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 655.2899 246.68 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 206.12 190.56 31.44 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 226.52 Tm (White Teacher/ White Student)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 257.88 221.72 59.04 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 267.975 226.52 Tm (.005***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 316.92 221.72 79.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 337.1749 226.52 Tm (.007***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 396.6 221.72 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.88 226.52 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 410.04 221.72 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 431.1598 226.52 Tm (.005)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 221.72 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 488.0399 226.52 Tm (.007**)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 221.72 13.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 226.52 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 221.72 67.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 572.8497 226.52 Tm (.001)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 221.72 76.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 642.7919 226.52 Tm (-)Tj (.001)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 257.88 206.12 59.04 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 272.9789 210.68 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 316.92 206.12 79.68 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 342.1788 210.68 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 396.6 206.12 13.44 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.88 210.68 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 410.04 206.12 63.12 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 427.1637 210.68 Tm (\(.003\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 206.12 62.88 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 490.0438 210.68 Tm (\(.003\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 206.12 13.68 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 210.68 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 206.12 67.44 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 568.8536 210.68 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 206.12 76.56 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 640.7938 210.68 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 174.44 190.56 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 195.08 Tm (Black Teacher/ Black Student)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 257.88 190.28 59.04 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 267.975 195.08 Tm (.004***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 316.92 190.28 79.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 337.1749 195.08 Tm (.019***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 396.6 190.28 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.88 195.08 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 410.04 190.28 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 422.1598 195.08 Tm (.012***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 190.28 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 485.0399 195.08 Tm (.030***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 190.28 13.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 195.08 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 190.28 67.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 572.8497 195.08 Tm (.003)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 190.28 76.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 635.7899 195.08 Tm (.012***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 257.88 174.44 59.04 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 272.9789 179.24 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 316.92 174.44 79.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 342.1788 179.24 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 396.6 174.44 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.88 179.24 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 410.04 174.44 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 427.1637 179.24 Tm (\(.003\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 174.44 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 490.0438 179.24 Tm (\(.004\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 174.44 13.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 179.24 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 174.44 67.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 568.8536 179.24 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 174.44 76.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 640.7938 179.24 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 143 190.56 31.44 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 163.4 Tm (Hispanic Teacher/ Hispanic Student)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 257.88 158.84 59.04 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 265.9769 163.4 Tm (-)Tj (.011***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 316.92 158.84 79.68 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 335.1769 163.4 Tm (-)Tj (.007***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 396.6 158.84 13.44 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.88 163.4 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 410.04 158.84 63.12 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 423.1617 163.4 Tm (-)Tj (.009**)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 158.84 62.88 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 492.0419 163.4 Tm (-)Tj (.001)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 158.84 13.68 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 163.4 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 158.84 67.44 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 561.8517 163.4 Tm (-)Tj (.015***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 158.84 76.56 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 633.7919 163.4 Tm (-)Tj (.007***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 257.88 143 59.04 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 272.9789 147.8 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 316.92 143 79.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 342.1788 147.8 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 396.6 143 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.88 147.8 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 410.04 143 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 427.1637 147.8 Tm (\(.004\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 143 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 490.0438 147.8 Tm (\(.004\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 143 13.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 147.8 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 143 67.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 568.8536 147.8 Tm (\(.003\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 143 76.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 640.7938 147.8 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 111.56 190.56 31.44 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 131.96 Tm (Asian Teacher/ Asian Student)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 257.88 127.4 59.04 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 274.9769 131.96 Tm (-)Tj (.008)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 316.92 127.4 79.68 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 337.1749 131.96 Tm (.041***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 396.6 127.4 13.44 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.88 131.96 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 410.04 127.4 63.12 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 429.1617 131.96 Tm (-)Tj (.002)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 127.4 62.88 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 492.0419 131.96 Tm (-)Tj (.045)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 127.4 13.68 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 131.96 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 127.4 67.44 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 570.8517 131.96 Tm (-)Tj (.006)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 127.4 76.56 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 635.7899 131.96 Tm (.053***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 257.88 111.56 59.04 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 272.9789 116.36 Tm (\(.000\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 316.92 111.56 79.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 342.1788 116.36 Tm (\(.010\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 396.6 111.56 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.88 116.36 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 410.04 111.56 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 427.1637 116.36 Tm (\(.031\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 111.56 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 490.0438 116.36 Tm (\(.029\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 111.56 13.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 116.36 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 111.56 67.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 568.8536 116.36 Tm (\(.018\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 111.56 76.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 640.7938 116.36 Tm (\(.011\))Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 95.72 190.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 100.52 Tm (R)Tj (-)Tj (squared)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 257.88 95.72 59.04 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 279.975 100.52 Tm (.85)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 316.92 95.72 79.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 349.1749 100.52 Tm (.87)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 396.6 95.72 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.88 100.52 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 410.04 95.72 63.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 434.1598 100.52 Tm (.89)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 95.72 62.88 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 497.0399 100.52 Tm (.91)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 95.72 13.68 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 100.52 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 95.72 67.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 575.8497 100.52 Tm (.88)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 95.72 76.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 647.7899 100.52 Tm (.90)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 80.12 190.56 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 84.68 Tm (Observations)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 257.88 80.12 59.04 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 263.475 84.68 Tm (8,226,338)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 316.92 80.12 79.68 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 332.6749 84.68 Tm (8,379,356)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 396.6 80.12 13.44 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.88 84.68 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 410.04 80.12 63.12 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 417.6598 84.68 Tm (2,889,193)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 473.16 80.12 62.88 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 480.5399 84.68 Tm (2,837,907)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 80.12 13.68 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 84.68 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 549.72 80.12 67.44 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 559.3497 84.68 Tm (5,337,145)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 617.16 80.12 76.56 15.6 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 626.7899 84.68 Tm (5541449.00)Tj ( )Tj ET Q 66.36 79.16 191.52 0.959 re f 257.16 79.16 0.96 0.959 re f 258.12 79.16 58.8 0.959 re f 316.2 79.16 0.96 0.959 re f 317.16 79.16 79.44 0.959 re f 395.88 79.16 0.959 0.959 re f 396.84 79.16 13.2 0.959 re f 409.32 79.16 0.96 0.959 re f 410.28 79.16 62.879 0.959 re f 472.44 79.16 0.96 0.959 re f 473.4 79.16 62.64 0.959 re f 535.32 79.16 0.96 0.959 re f 536.28 79.16 13.44 0.959 re f 549 79.16 0.96 0.959 re f 549.96 79.16 67.199 0.959 re f 616.44 79.16 0.96 0.959 re f 617.4 79.16 76.32 0.959 re f endstream endobj 261 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 0.012 Tc -0.008 Tw 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.6 566.36 Tm [(R)1(E)2(P)3(R)1(E)2(S)3(E)2(NT)2(AT)2(I)6(ON I)6(N T)2(HE)2( C)1(L)2(AS)3(S)3(R)1(OOM)-3( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 19.648 0 Td ( )Tj 4.132 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw 22.764 0 Td (28)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 72.6 528.6801 Tm (Table 3. )Tj 0 0.69 0.314 scn /TT1 1 Tf ( )Tj 0 0 0 scn /TT2 1 Tf 0 -2.18 TD (Overall )Tj (Effects of Teacher Race/Ethnicity )Tj 16.967 0 Td (Matching )Tj (on Student )Tj (Math and Reading Achievement)Tj ( )Tj ET q 67.32 476.6 113.28 20.16 re W n BT /TT1 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 485.72 Tm ( )Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 180.6 476.6 256.56 20.16 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 288.7347 485.72 Tm (Reading)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 437.16 476.6 13.44 20.16 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 443.7899 485.72 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 450.6 476.6 270 20.16 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 572.8148 485.72 Tm (Math)Tj 2.111 0 Td ( )Tj ET Q 67.08 496.76 113.521 0.959 re f 180.6 496.76 0.959 0.959 re f 181.56 496.76 255.6 0.959 re f 437.16 496.76 0.96 0.959 re f 438.12 496.76 12.48 0.959 re f 450.6 496.76 0.959 0.959 re f 451.56 496.76 269.041 0.959 re f q 67.32 431.24 113.28 44.88 re W n BT /TT1 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 465.08 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 180.6 431.24 94.56 44.88 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 201.5707 465.08 Tm (All Grades)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 194.2435 449.24 Tm (\(Grades 3)Tj (-)Tj (10\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 275.16 431.24 76.56 44.88 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 285.6366 465.08 Tm (Elementary )Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 282.8036 449.24 Tm (\(Grades 3)Tj (-)Tj (5\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 351.72 431.24 85.44 44.88 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 363.3507 465.08 Tm (Middle/High )Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 360.8634 449.24 Tm (\(Grades 6)Tj (-)Tj (10\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 437.16 431.24 13.44 44.88 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 443.7899 465.08 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 450.6 431.24 85.44 44.88 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 467.0707 465.08 Tm (All Grades)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 459.7435 449.24 Tm (\(Grades 3)Tj (-)Tj (10\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 536.04 431.24 90 44.88 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 553.5065 465.08 Tm (Elementary )Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 550.6735 449.24 Tm (\(Grades 3)Tj (-)Tj (5\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 626.04 431.24 94.56 44.88 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 642.4108 465.08 Tm (Middle/High )Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 639.9235 449.24 Tm (\(Grades 6)Tj (-)Tj (10\))Tj ( )Tj ET 67.08 476.12 113.521 0.481 re f 180.6 476.12 0.48 0.481 re f 181.08 476.12 94.08 0.481 re f 275.16 476.12 0.481 0.481 re f 275.64 476.12 76.08 0.481 re f 351.72 476.12 0.48 0.481 re f 352.2 476.12 84.96 0.481 re f 437.16 476.12 0.481 0.481 re f 437.64 476.12 12.96 0.481 re f 450.6 476.12 0.48 0.481 re f 451.08 476.12 84.96 0.481 re f 536.04 476.12 0.48 0.481 re f 536.52 476.12 89.52 0.481 re f 626.04 476.12 0.48 0.481 re f 626.52 476.12 94.081 0.481 re f q 67.32 413.24 207.84 17.52 re W n BT /TT2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 419.72 Tm (Student Fixed Effects)Tj 8.497 0 Td ( )Tj ET Q q 275.16 413.24 76.56 17.52 re W n BT /TT2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 280.4401 419.72 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 351.72 413.24 85.44 17.52 re W n BT /TT2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 356.9999 419.72 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 437.16 413.24 13.44 17.52 re W n BT /TT2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 442.4401 419.72 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 450.6 413.24 85.44 17.52 re W n BT /TT2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 455.88 419.72 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 413.24 90 17.52 re W n BT /TT2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 419.72 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 626.04 413.24 94.56 17.52 re W n BT /TT2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 631.5599 419.72 Tm ( )Tj ET Q 67.08 430.76 113.521 0.481 re f 180.6 430.76 0.48 0.481 re f 181.08 430.76 94.08 0.481 re f 275.16 430.76 0.481 0.481 re f 275.64 430.76 76.08 0.481 re f 351.72 430.76 0.48 0.481 re f 352.2 430.76 84.96 0.481 re f 437.16 430.76 0.481 0.481 re f 437.64 430.76 12.96 0.481 re f 450.6 430.76 0.48 0.481 re f 451.08 430.76 84.96 0.481 re f 536.04 430.76 0.48 0.481 re f 536.52 430.76 89.52 0.481 re f 626.04 430.76 0.48 0.481 re f 626.52 430.76 94.081 0.481 re f q 67.32 381.32 113.28 31.92 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 95.1 402.2 Tm (Race Match)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 180.6 381.32 94.56 31.92 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 236.58 402.2 Tm (.002**)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 235.0838 386.12 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 275.16 381.32 76.56 31.92 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 306.64 402.2 Tm (.004***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 302.6439 386.12 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 351.72 381.32 85.44 31.92 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 388.2538 402.2 Tm (-)Tj (.001)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 388.2538 386.12 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 437.16 381.32 13.44 31.92 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 442.4401 402.2 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 450.6 381.32 85.44 31.92 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 490.9801 402.2 Tm (.008***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 486.984 386.12 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 536.04 381.32 90 31.92 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 580.36 402.2 Tm (.014***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 576.3639 386.12 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 626.04 381.32 94.56 31.92 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 669.66 402.2 Tm (.002**)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 665.6639 386.12 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 67.32 365.48 113.28 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 95.1 370.28 Tm (R)Tj (-)Tj (Squared)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 180.6 365.48 94.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 230.0799 370.28 Tm (.85)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 275.16 365.48 76.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 324.64 370.28 Tm (.89)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 351.72 365.48 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.1998 370.28 Tm (.88)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 437.16 365.48 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 450.5401 370.28 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 450.6 365.48 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 490.9801 370.28 Tm (.87)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 365.48 90 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 585.7599 370.28 Tm (.90)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 626.04 365.48 94.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 675.7599 370.28 Tm (.90)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 340.28 113.28 25.2 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 95.1 354.44 Tm (Observations)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 180.6 340.28 94.56 25.2 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 191.0799 354.44 Tm (8,598,592)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 275.16 340.28 76.56 25.2 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 285.64 354.44 Tm (3,142,898)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 351.72 340.28 85.44 25.2 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 362.1998 354.44 Tm (5,455,694)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 437.16 340.28 13.44 25.2 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 442.4401 354.44 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 450.6 340.28 85.44 25.2 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 455.88 354.44 Tm (8,729,364)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 340.28 90 25.2 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 354.44 Tm (3,090,124)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 626.04 340.28 94.56 25.2 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 631.5599 354.44 Tm (5,639,240)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 324.44 284.4 15.84 re W n BT /TT2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 329.24 Tm (Student Fixed Effects, Controlling for Teacher Quality)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 351.72 324.44 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 356.9999 329.24 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 437.16 324.44 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 442.4401 329.24 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 450.6 324.44 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 455.88 329.24 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 324.44 90 15.84 re W n BT /TT2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 329.24 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 626.04 324.44 94.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 631.5599 329.24 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 292.76 113.28 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 95.1 313.4 Tm (Race )Tj (Match)Tj 4.803 0 Td ( )Tj ET Q q 180.6 292.76 94.56 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 232.2799 313.4 Tm (.001**)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 228.2838 297.56 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 275.16 292.76 76.56 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 307.14 313.4 Tm (.005***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 307.1439 297.56 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 351.72 292.76 85.44 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 388.2538 313.4 Tm (-)Tj (.001)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 388.2538 297.56 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 437.16 292.76 13.44 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 450.5401 313.4 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 450.6 292.76 85.44 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 491.5799 313.4 Tm (.008***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 491.484 297.56 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 536.04 292.76 90 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 581.7598 313.4 Tm (.013***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 582.2137 297.56 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 626.04 292.76 94.56 31.68 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 671.7598 313.4 Tm (.002***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 667.7637 297.56 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 67.32 276.92 113.28 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 95.1 281.72 Tm (R)Tj (-)Tj (Squared)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 180.6 276.92 94.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 230.0799 281.72 Tm (.85)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 275.16 276.92 76.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 324.64 281.72 Tm (.89)Tj 10.8 0 0 10.8 339.64 281.72 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 351.72 276.92 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.1998 281.72 Tm (.88)Tj 10.8 0 0 10.8 416.1998 281.72 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 437.16 276.92 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 450.5401 281.72 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 450.6 276.92 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 495.4801 281.72 Tm (.87)Tj 10.8 0 0 10.8 510.4801 281.72 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 276.92 90 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 585.7599 281.72 Tm (.91)Tj 10.8 0 0 10.8 600.7599 281.72 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 626.04 276.92 94.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 671.16 281.72 Tm (.90)Tj 10.8 0 0 10.8 686.16 281.72 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 255.8 113.28 21.12 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 95.1 265.88 Tm (Observations)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 180.6 255.8 94.56 21.12 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 185.88 265.88 Tm (8,226,338)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 275.16 255.8 76.56 21.12 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 280.4401 265.88 Tm (2,889,193)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 351.72 255.8 85.44 21.12 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 356.9999 265.88 Tm (5,337,145)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 437.16 255.8 13.44 21.12 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 442.4401 265.88 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 450.6 255.8 85.44 21.12 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 455.88 265.88 Tm (8,379,356)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 255.8 90 21.12 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 265.88 Tm (2,837,907)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 626.04 255.8 94.56 21.12 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 631.5599 265.88 Tm (5,541,449)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 239.96 369.84 15.84 re W n BT /TT2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72.6 244.76 Tm (Student and Course Fixed Effects, Controlling for )Tj (Teacher Quality)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 437.16 239.96 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 442.4401 244.76 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 450.6 239.96 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 455.88 244.76 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 239.96 90 15.84 re W n BT /TT2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 244.76 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 626.04 239.96 94.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 631.5599 244.76 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 208.04 108.72 31.92 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 95.1 228.92 Tm (Race Match)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 176.04 208.04 99.12 31.92 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 225.7599 228.92 Tm (.002**)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 221.7638 212.84 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 275.16 208.04 76.56 31.92 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 307.14 228.92 Tm (.004***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 307.1439 212.84 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 351.72 208.04 85.44 31.92 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.1998 228.92 Tm (.000)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 397.2037 212.84 Tm (\(.000\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 437.16 208.04 13.44 31.92 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 442.4401 228.92 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 450.6 208.04 85.44 31.92 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 491.5799 228.92 Tm (.008***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 500.484 212.84 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 536.04 208.04 90 31.92 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 581.7598 228.92 Tm (.013***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 578.0138 212.84 Tm (\(.002\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 626.04 208.04 94.56 31.92 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 676.2598 228.92 Tm (.002***)Tj ( )Tj ET Q BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 672.2637 212.84 Tm (\(.001\))Tj ( )Tj ET q 67.32 192.2 108.72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 95.1 197 Tm (R)Tj (-)Tj (Squared)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 176.04 192.2 99.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 225.7599 197 Tm (.85)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 275.16 192.2 76.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 324.64 197 Tm (.89)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 351.72 192.2 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 401.1998 197 Tm (.88)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 437.16 192.2 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 450.5401 197 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 450.6 192.2 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 500.08 197 Tm (.87)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 192.2 90 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 585.7599 197 Tm (.91)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 626.04 192.2 94.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 675.7599 197 Tm (.90)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 67.32 176.36 108.72 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 95.1 181.16 Tm (Observations)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 176.04 176.36 99.12 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 181.5599 181.16 Tm (8,226,338)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 275.16 176.36 76.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 280.4401 181.16 Tm (2,889,193)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 351.72 176.36 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 356.9999 181.16 Tm (5,337,145)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 437.16 176.36 13.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 442.4401 181.16 Tm ( )Tj ET Q q 450.6 176.36 85.44 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 456.4801 181.16 Tm (8,379,356)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 536.04 176.36 90 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 541.5599 181.16 Tm (2,837,907)Tj ( )Tj ET Q q 626.04 176.36 94.56 15.84 re W n BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 638.7598 181.16 Tm (5,541,449)Tj ( )Tj ET Q 66.36 175.4 109.68 0.96 re f 175.32 175.4 0.96 0.96 re f 176.28 175.4 98.879 0.96 re f 274.44 175.4 0.96 0.96 re f 275.4 175.4 76.32 0.96 re f 351 175.4 0.96 0.96 re f 351.96 175.4 85.199 0.96 re f 436.44 175.4 0.96 0.96 re f 437.4 175.4 13.2 0.96 re f 449.88 175.4 0.959 0.96 re f 450.84 175.4 85.2 0.96 re f 535.32 175.4 0.96 0.96 re f 536.28 175.4 89.76 0.96 re f 625.32 175.4 0.96 0.96 re f 626.28 175.4 94.32 0.96 re f BT /TT0 1 Tf 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw 9.84 0 0 9.84 72.6 166.04 Tm [(N)-4(ot)4(e)1(:)4( T)-2(he)1( de)1(pe)1(nde)1(nt)3( )]TJ 8.776 0 Td [(va)1(r)3(i)4(a)1(bl)4(e)1( i)4(s)2( t)4(he)1( s)2(t)4(ude)1(nt)4(')5(s)2( s)2(t)4(a)1(nda)1(r)3(di)4(z)1(e)1(d s)2(c)1(or)3(e)1( on t)4(he)1( F)-1(C)-3(A)-4(T)-2( r)3(e)1(a)1(di)4(ng or)3( m)-4(a)1(t)4(h t)4(e)1(s)2(t)4(.)4( M)-7(ode)1(l)4(s)2( i)4(nc)1(l)4(ude)1( c)1(ont)4(r)3(ol)4(s)2( f)2(or)3( ye)1(a)1(r)3(,)4( gr)3(a)1(de)1(,)4( t)4(e)1(a)1(c)1(h)]TJ 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw 50.417 0 Td [(er)2( g)-1(en)-1(d)-1(er)2(,)3( )]TJ -59.193 -1.341 Td [(t)3(each)-1(er)2( r)2(ace,)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.133 0 Td ( )Tj 0.005 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.254 0 Td [(t)1(e)-2(a)-2(c)-2(h)-3(e)-2(r q)-3(u)-3(a)-2(l)1(i)1(t)1(y)-3( \()]TJ -0.005 Tw 6.602 0 Td [(i)1(e)-2(.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 0.987 0 Td ( )Tj 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw 0.254 0 Td [(a t)3(each)-1(er)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 3.638 0 Td (-)Tj 0.008 Tc -0.003 Tw 0.338 0 Td [(s)2(pe)1(c)1(i)4(f)3(i)4(c)1(,)4( )1(a)1(v)-1(e)1(r)3(a)1(ge)1( )1(va)1(l)4(ue)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 9.282 0 Td (-)Tj 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw 0.338 0 Td [(ad)-1(d)-1(ed)-1( s)1(co)-1(r)2(e\))]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.163 0 Td (,)Tj 0.254 0 Td ( )Tj 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw 0.254 0 Td [(t)3(each)-1(er)2( ex)-1(p)-1(er)2(i)3(en)-1(ce,)3( t)3(each)-1(er)2( ex)-1(p)-1(er)2(i)3(en)-1(c)]TJ 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw 15.232 0 Td [(e)1( s)2(qua)1(r)3(e)1(d,)4( s)2(c)1(hool)4( l)4(e)1(v)]TJ 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw 8.523 0 Td [(el)3( r)2(ace,)3( s)1(ch)-1(o)-1(o)-1(l)3( l)3(ev)-1(el)3( )]TJ 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw -56.255 -1.341 Td [(pove)1(r)3(t)4(y,)4( )]TJ 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw 3.612 0 Td [(av)-1(er)2(ag)-1(e s)1(ch)-1(o)-1(o)-1(l)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6.066 0 Td (-)Tj 0.007 Tc -0.003 Tw 0.338 0 Td [(l)3(ev)-1(el)3( ach)-1(i)3(ev)-1(em)-5(en)-1(t)]TJ 7.364 0 Td [(,)3( co)-1(u)-1(r)2(s)1(e f)1(i)3(x)-1(ed)-1( ef)1(f)1(ect)3(s)1(,)3( an)-1(d)-1( s)1(t)3(u)-1(d)-1(en)-1(t)3( f)1(i)3(x)-1(ed)-1( ef)1(f)1(ect)3(s)]TJ 18.937 0 Td [(.)3( S)-2(t)3(an)-1(d)-1(ar)2(d)-1( er)2(r)2(o)-1(r)2(s)1( i)3(n)-1( p)-1(ar)2(en)-1(t)3(h)-1(es)1(es)1( ar)2(e c)]TJ 0.005 Tc -0.001 Tw 14.983 0 Td [(l)1(u)-3(s)-1(t)1(e)-2(re)-2(d)-3( a)-2(t)1( t)1(h)-3(e)-2( c)-2(l)1(a)-2(s)-1(s)-1(ro)-3(o)-3(m)-7( l)1(e)-2(v)-3(e)-2(l)]TJ 0.004 Tc 0 Tw 12.304 0 Td [(. W)-11(e)-3( )]TJ 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw -63.605 -1.341 Td [(a)1(l)4(s)2(o e)1(xpe)1(r)3(i)4(m)-4(e)1(nt)4( w)-4(i)4(t)4(h c)1(l)4(us)2(t)4(e)1(r)3(i)4(ng t)4(he)1( s)2(t)4(a)1(nda)1(r)3(d e)1(r)3(r)3(o)]TJ 19.867 0 Td [(r)3(s)2( a)1(t)4( t)4(he)1( s)2(c)1(hool)4( a)1(nd t)4(e)1(a)1(c)1(he)1(r)3( l)4(e)1(ve)1(l)4(.)4( R)-2(e)1(s)2(ul)4(t)4(s)2( do not)4( c)1(ha)1(nge)1( s)2(ubs)2(t)4(a)1(nt)4(i)4(a)1(l)4(l)4(y unde)1(r)3( e)1(i)4(t)4(he)1(r)3( of)2( t)4(he)1(s)2(e)1( a)1(l)4(t)4(e)1(r)3(na)1(t)4(i)4(ve)1( )]TJ 0.009 Tc -19.867 -1.341 Td [(s)3(p)1(e)2(c)2(i)5(f)4(i)5(c)2(a)2(t)5(i)5(o)1(n)1(s)3( )1(a)2(n)1(d)1( )1(a)2(r)4(e)2( )1(a)2(v)1(a)2(i)5(l)5(a)2(b)1(l)5(e)2( )1(f)4(r)4(o)1(m)-3( )1(t)5(h)1(e)2( )1(a)2(u)1(t)5(h)1(o)1(r)4(s)3( )1(b)1(y)1( )1(r)4(e)2(q)1(u)1(e)2(s)3(t)5(.)5( )1( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 24.918 0 Td ( )Tj 0.008 Tc -0.004 Tw 0.254 0 Td [(** p <)-1( 0.)4(05,)4( *** p<)-1(0.)4(01)]TJ 0.004 Tc 0 Tw [(, \()-1(tw)-8(o)]TJ 0 Tc 12.155 0 Td (-)Tj 0.005 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.338 0 Td [(t)1(a)-2(i)1(l)1(e)-2(d)-3( t)1(e)-2(s)-1(t)1(s)-1(\))]TJ /C2_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 10.8 0 0 10.8 489.0551 113.24 Tm <0001>Tj ET endstream endobj 262 0 obj [239 0 R] endobj 263 0 obj <>stream H\j0 ~ C[!JK!eFqy*^`Y-yn.w 䝂i1A%LyQ`I[_3($2%QU x8%Z`wý7H9{G 5XyчzD;4.-fKD(s_1A~@Q)+G-zД9/J\N*f_A3|lj>stream HTn0+(1M(.G'1^@=؊qPnѿ %r 7NC2<+%T AS]=40 }"T p:B0P#r%d*g~3@ˈ̤6d;`>(4)d§D2LF;>%)d9BؿX# kt6zC(Q m(\")yTn ӤN3A ,Vɩ:0̭VJX܃ jsn~;!Gw-%op0zqW뚂I+RIE=&"MZ򯄑eS.6OTnu9(gh8RDι:N(DM#Rx8۾,5<`{^'`1 endstream endobj 265 0 obj <>stream HTN0+| ,~Ǿ"'^%1i\A6H=vC+HT9XѬg&ͪr"^\:Y4obf*-dQf]J~߳zcLј96+z teѥSl2L (,;G٣kz]ТMAIɂj1Ȧ 7&uڙ }yb֐6!mҦ߂2z _{ WMEF{!#xVipiݯCƣclB@v< q)N[Éܪ<Gn : 8c@Pi* L`n@M\uGtA0LAi(,~Oz}1DP endstream endobj 266 0 obj <>stream HTAj0 Zeɲ}-@_=ZhId!e!fn)BJ%B6;<4x70P@tA6QeN e4,fPoуXf;~Gz?ͣ-Ѽ)1с%f}p@|L้$,&] {pBJҢ2_Q!rIY?9qU񪓋9,hCD7[ JMx˒ a7gBN! X6C ̋(躸 Jt-BQ̊j+n;/.hX:[BE[kqӖﺆNmKZ,Ϋ5uymgxz4Њ?ER endstream endobj 267 0 obj <>stream Hj >ջ- >A(о:uH Ds{4'?}8bSfP/!)>N2WH[8FOm c޶I2rM%<8 pσcn\Bb\<٥eC2L~Ϻ7H ([tks8`O6r۴"DGD%(E&([ <> kwki.|vC)A7 @yspq9bQ+A׿b:A :Y8]P` endstream endobj 268 0 obj <>stream HJ0yl#9d.[ >.}M,9Ph)|KI(#\xKR2GtXNo[x_iaȱ=]!šVH-8 ˆJ`Q**Ph6å-4-rK v^Htã5XWLtX=Rl#m ZdD\ Pb"i;&a\xc fPbn HNsk_|0[ty;{hݳNC%ᯖ\i*5IjRqV%+=/ɿay[+Hh endstream endobj 269 0 obj <>stream HIj0E:6jՠ ` E T-;v0x}G B)> c N܋v*p$j5Aeϛ{_ip .T(hDF( )-!PmV"5 M`s^lnMnt#M10rt!m'J[oHHFFE$Jsf !!n lxi[Ŭ)'Gmy=J.wg4ccWT x×2G*_S422H\nw?1iвSvsN4Ǎc6 endstream endobj 270 0 obj <>stream Hj1 ~ o 7`Kei@vP0. -4￈dJ2\oswWxk fhH# HT(}9b?R@fHPb.;YnZsC7MLJu*)ZA2݇cb V6;C4uG T "3}cGf'`t6eۿF࣭"g@cf`Od`4ޛ;>s}!@esʖ=Clyے49ۮҺ[Ai4V&4bJ6^TJbi= 0 endstream endobj 271 0 obj <>stream HtTˎ0+dKqX\aX"-}&rQl5S~B9)=FFu m# 1``3<"PiJdbwȾ' ]Ou:U{þH:G~KxdW'8Kf7G{TU(}wplE}:Y5Ҍfi%ʞ[ٕ +ZӮVz*Y@-HmCsQ[\5kl;4p,uh$Jpr~(])Yզ?< #O#CyVHO!X ^f~ٰmӳ@ DWNS#ܙ*_͐H$D2]Ԃ2|+~Z2ge=+'gh F{myڸ>]D5T#&Ǣy'z\ endstream endobj 272 0 obj <>stream h\ 0Ee6bIS"UZɢ ,+7At*MR`;ooP Xsh{n"|d:YLe*=|[)8.6~P3. r'ߕ˅ cA+UsI Ymb*$vLeqK9/>}Գ? endstream endobj 273 0 obj <>stream h޲0V0PP0Tw/+Q06L)0)XB(3e,9cC* RSB315gib L !R:,JQL0O) endstream endobj 274 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<01B6D1953DD54C11A4382E56878DCC0D>]/Index[53 1 63 1 83 1 88 2 114 161]/Info 89 0 R/Length 376/Prev 116/Root 91 0 R/Size 275/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream hބ?KBQϹ7(JDED ~4:mBKSQ4AskE EA-'h }.th<|s{vO.)GWkժSu2q>`yBGm3uʙtYWk܆5_Q77nagɰ}'-GBAކ*^3L3;f?{\0L L Clh8 G[Kۣ`3 Y(,Z1ykW2c2wyi00YOĮ\?u>_GcM endstream endobj startxref 612172 %%EOF